Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Sep 4;46(17):9735-44. doi: 10.1021/es302099f. Epub 2012 Aug 20.
This study investigated the occurrence of a comprehensive suite of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and current-use flame retardants (FRs) in ring-billed gulls breeding in a highly industrialized section of the St. Lawrence River, downstream from Montreal (QC, Canada). Despite major point-sources and diffuse contamination by FRs, nearly no FR data have been reported in birds from this area. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP) was detected in 89% of ring-billed gull livers (mean: 2.16 ng/g ww; max: 17.6 ng/g ww). To our knowledge, this is the highest detection frequency and highest concentrations reported thus far in any avian species or populations. Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers were also particularly abundant (anti-DP detected in 100% and syn-DP in 93% of livers). Other detected FR compounds (3-14% detection) included 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB), hexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) and β-1,2-dibromo-4-(1.2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane (β-TBECH). Mean BDE-209 (57.2 ± 12.2 ng/g ww) in ring-billed gull livers was unexpectedly high for this midtrophic gull species, exceeding levels reported in several apex raptors such as peregrine falcons. BDE-209's relative contribution to ∑PBDEs was on average 25% (exceeding BDE-47 and BDE-99) and contrasted with profiles typically reported for fish-eating gull species. The present study highlighted preoccupying gaps in upcoming FR regulations and stressed the need for further investigation of the sources of FR exposure in highly urbanized areas.
本研究调查了在圣劳伦斯河（加拿大魁北克省蒙特利尔下游的一个高度工业化地区）繁殖的环嘴鸥体内一系列多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）和当前使用的阻燃剂（FRs）的发生情况。尽管 FRs 存在主要的点源和弥散污染，但该地区鸟类的 FR 数据几乎没有报道。双（2-乙基己基）-2,3,4,5-四溴邻苯二甲酸酯（BEHTBP）在 89%的环嘴鸥肝脏中被检测到（平均值：2.16ng/g 湿重；最大值：17.6ng/g 湿重）。据我们所知，这是迄今为止在任何鸟类物种或种群中报告的最高检测频率和最高浓度。此外，还特别检测到大量的十溴二苯醚（anti-DP 在 100%的肝脏中被检测到，syn-DP 在 93%的肝脏中被检测到）。其他检测到的 FR 化合物（3-14%的检测率）包括 2-乙基己基-2,3,4,5-四溴邻苯二甲酸酯（EHTBB）、六氯环戊二烯基二溴环辛烷（HCDBCO）和 β-1,2-二溴-4-（1,2-二溴乙基）-环己烷（β-TBECH）。环嘴鸥肝脏中 BDE-209 的平均含量（57.2±12.2ng/g 湿重）出人意料地高，超过了几种顶级猛禽（如游隼）报告的水平。BDE-209 对∑PBDEs 的相对贡献平均为 25%（超过 BDE-47 和 BDE-99），与通常报告的食鱼鸥类物种的特征形成鲜明对比。本研究强调了即将出台的 FR 法规中的令人担忧的空白，并强调需要进一步调查高度城市化地区 FR 暴露的来源。
