Gerlach U J, Lierse W
Anatomisches Institut der Universität Hamburg, BRD.
Acta Anat (Basel). 1990;139(1):11-25. doi: 10.1159/000146973.
The muscular system, the connective tissue and the bones are the components of a biomechanical pelvis-lower extremity model. The occasional electrical events in the muscles were not taken into account, as they can only be measured by physiological methods. In this publication, the connective tissue of the lower extremities is examined. The connective tissue system of the thigh and leg was prepared; after removal of the muscles the so-called 'hollow' lower extremity could be studied. A topographical documentation followed, and the structure and directions of the fibers were observed with polarized light. The connective tissue systems of the lower extremities and bones form a biomechanical, effective and functional system, the bone-fascia-tendon system. The components of the connective tissue in such a system are the fascia lata, the crural fascia, the iliotibial tract, the femoral and crural intermuscular septa, and the membrana interossea. The iliotibial tract is not the sole part of this system having a tension band effect, other components--above all the lateral femoral intermuscular septum--also reduce the forces acting on the bones. Therefore, the tensile strength of the iliotibial tract has to be considered lower as supposed. The iliotibial tract is not a part of the fascia lata; it is an independent, vertically tightened tendon of the 'pelvic deltoid muscle' (gluteus maximus, tensor fasciae latae). The iliotibial tract passes over the greater trochanter like on a roller bearing. It is not attached directly to the greater trochanter and to the lateral femoral condyle, so that previous models have to be modified. The iliotibial tract glides in a fascia bag which is composed of oblique and horizontal fibers of the broad fascia. The iliotibial tract, as tendon of the pelvic deltoid muscle, continues in a lateral location into the leg where it is fixed to the lateral malleolus. The present report provides a new description of the structure of the connective tissue system of the lower extremities. The model reported complies with the laws of similarity mechanics by describing exactly the geometric, physical and functional conditions. This representation could facilitate the construction of a computer-aided, efficient, biomechanical model of the pelvis-lower extremity region considering also the complex functional circumstances, in contrast to previous models. In order to construct such a model, the data obtained by the examination of the connective tissue of the lower extremities have to be given into a data bank, which, however, has to be built up.
肌肉系统、结缔组织和骨骼是生物力学骨盆 - 下肢模型的组成部分。肌肉中偶尔出现的电活动未被考虑在内，因为它们只能通过生理学方法进行测量。在本出版物中，对下肢的结缔组织进行了研究。制备了大腿和小腿的结缔组织系统；去除肌肉后，可以研究所谓的“中空”下肢。随后进行了地形记录，并用偏振光观察了纤维的结构和方向。下肢的结缔组织系统和骨骼形成了一个生物力学上有效且功能健全的系统，即骨 - 筋膜 - 肌腱系统。这种系统中结缔组织的组成部分包括阔筋膜、小腿筋膜、髂胫束、股部和小腿肌间隔以及骨间膜。髂胫束并非该系统中唯一具有张力带作用的部分，其他部分——尤其是股外侧肌间隔——也能减小作用于骨骼的力。因此，髂胫束的拉伸强度应比预期的更低。髂胫束不是阔筋膜的一部分；它是“骨盆三角肌”（臀大肌、阔筋膜张肌）的一条独立的、垂直拉紧的肌腱。髂胫束像在滚轴轴承上一样越过股骨大转子。它不直接附着于股骨大转子和股骨外侧髁，因此之前的模型必须进行修改。髂胫束在一个由阔筋膜的斜向和横向纤维组成的筋膜袋中滑动。髂胫束作为骨盆三角肌的肌腱，在外侧延续至小腿并固定于外踝。本报告对下肢结缔组织系统的结构进行了新的描述。所报道的模型通过精确描述几何、物理和功能条件，符合相似力学定律。与之前的模型相比，这种表示方式有助于构建一个考虑到复杂功能情况的计算机辅助的、高效的骨盆 - 下肢区域生物力学模型。为了构建这样一个模型，必须将通过检查下肢结缔组织获得的数据输入数据库，然而，这个数据库还需要建立。
