Lail L M, Cotton P B
Gastroenterol Nurs. 1990 Spring;12(4):239-45. doi: 10.1097/00001610-199004000-00005.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and its therapeutic applications are the most invasive and risky procedures performed regularly by endoscopists. Potential complications include those of the endoscopy (sedation reactions, infection transmission, perforation, etc.), those specific to instrumentation of the bile duct and pancreas (sepsis, pancreatitis) and those caused by therapeutic intervention, especially sphincterotomy (perforation and bleeding). These complex procedures require two fully trained GI nurse assistants. One is responsible for the safety of the patient (who is often elderly and frail) before, during and after the procedure. The other is responsible for ensuring that all necessary equipment is available and correctly disinfected and assists the endoscopist during the examination.
内镜逆行胰胆管造影术及其治疗应用是内镜医师定期进行的侵入性最强、风险最高的操作。潜在并发症包括内镜检查相关的并发症（镇静反应、感染传播、穿孔等）、胆管和胰腺器械操作特有的并发症（败血症、胰腺炎）以及治疗干预引起的并发症，尤其是括约肌切开术导致的并发症（穿孔和出血）。这些复杂操作需要两名训练有素的胃肠科护士助理。一名负责患者（通常为老年体弱患者）在操作前、操作中和操作后的安全。另一名负责确保所有必要设备可用且已正确消毒，并在检查期间协助内镜医师。
