Department of Food Science, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
J Agric Food Chem. 2012 Aug 29;60(34):8249-56. doi: 10.1021/jf301903t. Epub 2012 Aug 16.
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract provides residence to an astounding number of bacterial species, which have profound effects on host biology, function, physiology, and immune response. Discovery of "symbiosis factors" from symbionts that facilitate the peaceful coexistence of microbiota and the host immune system are of interest. Symbionts synthesize immunomodulatory molecules that guide maturation of the immune system and have pivotal roles in many biological processes; however, individuals differ in the makeup of their GI microbiota, which is influenced by many external and internal factors such as diet, antibiotic use, and host genetics, which in turn influences health and disease outcomes. Various endogenous, genetic, and environmental factors influence GI development including species composition and health status of neonates, resulting in interactions that occur between the bacteria and the host. Mechanisms of probiotics involved in homeostasis of a balanced immune system have been inconclusive. The probable mechanism of action may be postulated as direct competition between pathogenic bacteria in the gut and/or immune modulation. This review focuses on probiotics in health and disease prevention, especially the biological importance of intestinal regulation of inflammatory processes that may be beneficial in a multitude of disorders both inside and outside the GI tract.
胃肠道（GI）为数量惊人的细菌物种提供了栖息地，这些细菌对宿主的生物学、功能、生理学和免疫反应都有深远的影响。从促进微生物群和宿主免疫系统和平共处的共生体中发现“共生因子”是很有意义的。共生体合成免疫调节分子，指导免疫系统的成熟，并在许多生物学过程中发挥关键作用；然而，个体的胃肠道微生物群组成不同，这受到许多外部和内部因素的影响，如饮食、抗生素使用和宿主遗传因素，而这些因素又反过来影响健康和疾病的结果。各种内源性、遗传和环境因素影响 GI 的发育，包括新生儿的物种组成和健康状况，从而导致细菌和宿主之间发生相互作用。参与平衡免疫系统稳态的益生菌的作用机制尚未明确。其作用机制可能被假设为肠道中致病菌之间的直接竞争和/或免疫调节。本综述重点介绍了益生菌在健康和疾病预防中的作用，特别是肠道对炎症过程的调节在胃肠道内外多种疾病中的可能有益作用。
