Tobin John
Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Vic 3010, Australia.
J Law Med. 2012 Jun;19(4):742-57.
The discourse of rights has increasingly been used to frame debates about access to information for donor-conceived individuals. This article seeks to clarify the moral and legal basis upon which human rights are relevant to this issue. It outlines the elements of a substantive rights-based approach which is then used to resolve the competing rights of a donor and a donor-conceived individual. Three arguments are offered. First, donor anonymity must be prohibited prospectively and donor-conceived individuals must be entitled to information about their genetic parents. Secondly, a context-sensitive application of a human rights-based approach allows retrospective access to non-identifying information but precludes retrospective access to identifying information where a donor wishes to remain anonymous in circumstances where anonymity was guaranteed at the time of donation. Finally, despite this finding, a rights-based approach requires states to actively encourage such donors to consent to the release of identifying information and to take reasonable steps to support donor-conceived individuals in circumstances where donors refuse to provide their consent.
权利话语越来越多地被用于构建有关供体受孕者获取信息的辩论框架。本文旨在阐明人权与这一问题相关的道德和法律基础。它概述了基于实质性权利方法的要素，然后用于解决供体和供体受孕者相互竞争的权利。提出了三个论点。第一，必须前瞻性地禁止供体匿名，供体受孕者必须有权获得有关其基因父母的信息。第二，基于人权的方法在具体情况下的应用允许追溯获取非识别性信息，但在供体希望保持匿名且捐赠时保证了匿名性的情况下，排除追溯获取识别性信息。最后，尽管有这一发现，但基于权利的方法要求各国积极鼓励此类供体同意公布识别性信息，并在供体拒绝提供同意的情况下采取合理措施支持供体受孕者。
