Hefti Angela, Schlemmer Inka, Sauter-Louis Carola, Metzner Moritz
Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung (Lehrstuhl für Innere Medizin und Chirurgie der Wiederkäuer) im Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2012 Jul-Aug;125(7-8):315-25.
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of three anaesthetic protocols with respect to possible pain-associated reactions: injection (INJE) with xylazine (0.2 mg/kg), ketamine (5 mg/kg) and local anaesthesia (procain 2%); a combination of injection and inhalation (KOMB) with xylazine (0.2 mg/kg), ketamine (2 mg/kg), and isoflurane (1.5-3.0 vol%); and inhalation with isoflurane (control group [o]) surgery. During the trial, the anaesthetic level was controlled, and signs of response to surgical stimulation or spontaneous movements, changes in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, plasma L-lactate and cortisol levels were recorded. The dosage of 5 mg ketamine/kg body mass was rarely sufficient to obtain surgical tolerance in group INJE. In order to attain surgical tolerance, it was necessary to administer an average of 8.4 mg ketamine/kg body mass. All animals of the INJEc/o groups started to show signs of spontaneous movements or response to surgical stimulation between five and twelve minutes after the last administration of ketamine. Signs of response to surgical stimulation at the time of skin incision were significantly most frequent (37%) in the INHAc group, while agitation or response to surgical stimulation at least once during the entire time of anaesthesia was significantly (p <0.01) most frequent in the INJEc group (100%). Changes in heart rate and mean blood pressure were not found to be related to surgical stress situations.Ten minutes after the incision, the highest increases in plasma cortisol levels above basal levels of the previous day were determined in the groups INJEc and INJEo (53.5 and 57.7 nmol/l, respectively). However, a significant increase of plasma cortisol levels between the previous day and ten minutes after incision was only found between INHAc and INHAo (30.1 versus 7.5 nmol/l, p < 0.01) but not in the other pairs of groups (INJEc/o and KOMBdc/o). Within the three experimental groups the increase of plasma cortisol levels between the previous day and ten minutes after incision was only significant between INJEc and KOMBc (53.5 versus 28.3 nmol/l, p < 0.01). Among the protocols tested in this study, the combination anaesthesia (KOMB) was associated with the least amount of pain-associated reactions by the calves. Therefore, this protocol should be used preferred to the other two protocols in order to minimise stress and pain for the animals as much as posssible.
注射用赛拉嗪（0.2毫克/千克）、氯胺酮（5毫克/千克）和局部麻醉（2%普鲁卡因）（INJE）；注射与吸入联合使用赛拉嗪（0.2毫克/千克）、氯胺酮（2毫克/千克）和异氟醚（1.5 - 3.0体积%）（KOMB）；以及异氟醚吸入（对照组[o]）手术。在试验过程中，控制麻醉水平，并记录对手术刺激的反应迹象或自发运动、心率、平均动脉压、血浆L - 乳酸和皮质醇水平的变化。在INJE组中，5毫克氯胺酮/千克体重的剂量很少足以获得手术耐受性。为了达到手术耐受性，平均需要给予8.4毫克氯胺酮/千克体重。INJEc/o组的所有动物在最后一次给予氯胺酮后5至12分钟之间开始表现出自发运动或对手术刺激的反应迹象。在皮肤切开时对手术刺激的反应迹象在INHAc组中最为频繁（37%），而在整个麻醉期间至少有一次对手术刺激的躁动或反应在INJEc组中最为频繁（100%，p <0.01）。未发现心率和平均血压的变化与手术应激情况有关。切开后十分钟，INJEc组和INJEo组血浆皮质醇水平高于前一天基础水平的升高幅度最大（分别为53.5和57.7纳摩尔/升）。然而，仅在INHAc组和INHAo组之间发现切开前一天与切开后十分钟之间血浆皮质醇水平有显著升高（30.1对7.5纳摩尔/升，p <0.01），而在其他组对（INJEc/o和KOMBdc/o）中未发现。在三个实验组中，仅在INJEc组和KOMBc组之间发现切开前一天与切开后十分钟之间血浆皮质醇水平的升高有显著差异（53.5对28.3纳摩尔/升，p <0.01）。在本研究测试的方案中，联合麻醉（KOMB）与犊牛的疼痛相关反应最少有关。因此，为了尽可能减少动物的应激和疼痛，应优先使用该方案而非其他两种方案。
