Offinger Jennifer, Meyer Henning, Fischer Jessica, Kästner Sabine B R, Piechotta Marion, Rehage Juergen
Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Vet Anaesth Analg. 2012 Mar;39(2):123-36. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00698.x.
To compare three anaesthetic protocols for umbilical surgery in calves regarding adequacy of analgesia, and cardiopulmonary and hormonal responses.
Prospective, randomised experimental study.
Thirty healthy German Holstein calves (7 female, 23 male) aged 45.9 ± 6.4 days.
All calves underwent umbilical surgery in dorsal recumbency. The anaesthetic protocols were as follows: group INH (n = 10), induction 0.1 mg kg(-1) xylazine IM and 2.0 mg kg(-1) ketamine IV, maintenance isoflurane in oxygen; Group INJ (n = 10), induction 0.2 mg kg(-1) xylazine IM and 5.0 mg kg(-1) ketamine IV, maintenance 2.5 mg kg(-1) ketamine IV every 15 minutes or as required; group EPI (n = 10), high volume caudal epidural anaesthesia with 0.2 mg kg(-1) xylazine diluted to 0.6 mL kg(-1) with procaine 2%. All calves received peri-umbilical infiltration of procaine and pre-operative IV flunixin (2.2 mg kg(-1) ). Cardiopulmonary variables were measured at preset intervals for up to 2 hours after surgery. The endocrine stress response was determined. Intra-operative nociception was assessed using a VAS scale. Data were compared between groups using appropriate statistical tests. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant.
All three protocols provided adequate anaesthesia for surgery although, as judged by the VAS scale, intra-operative response was greatest with INJ. Lowest mean cortisol levels during surgery occurred in EPI. Heart rate and cardiac output did not differ between groups, but mean arterial blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide were higher and arterial pH lower in groups INH and INJ than in Group EPI. Group INJ became hypoxaemic and had a significantly greater vascular shunt than did the other groups.
Groups INH and EPI both proved acceptable protocols for calves undergoing umbilical surgery, whilst INJ resulted in variable anti-nociception and in hypoxaemia. High volume caudal epidural anaesthesia provides a practical inexpensive method of anaesthesia for umbilical surgery.
比较三种用于犊牛脐部手术的麻醉方案在镇痛效果、心肺及激素反应方面的差异。
前瞻性、随机实验研究。
30头健康的德国荷斯坦犊牛（7头雌性，23头雄性），年龄45.9±6.4天。
所有犊牛在仰卧位下接受脐部手术。麻醉方案如下：INH组（n = 10），诱导剂量为0.1 mg/kg赛拉嗪肌肉注射和2.0 mg/kg氯胺酮静脉注射，维持用异氟醚吸入氧气；INJ组（n = 10），诱导剂量为0.2 mg/kg赛拉嗪肌肉注射和5.0 mg/kg氯胺酮静脉注射，维持每15分钟或按需静脉注射2.5 mg/kg氯胺酮；EPI组（n = 10），高容量尾骶部硬膜外麻醉，用0.2 mg/kg赛拉嗪与2%普鲁卡因稀释至0.6 mL/kg。所有犊牛均接受脐周普鲁卡因浸润及术前静脉注射氟尼辛（2.2 mg/kg）。术后长达2小时内按预设间隔测量心肺变量。测定内分泌应激反应。术中伤害感受用视觉模拟评分法评估。组间数据采用适当的统计学检验进行比较。p < 0.05的值被认为具有显著性。
尽管根据视觉模拟评分法判断，INJ组术中反应最大，但三种方案均为手术提供了充分的麻醉。EPI组术中平均皮质醇水平最低。各组间心率和心输出量无差异，但INH组和INJ组的平均动脉血压、全身血管阻力和二氧化碳分压高于EPI组，动脉pH低于EPI组。INJ组出现低氧血症，且血管分流明显大于其他组。
INH组和EPI组均被证明是接受脐部手术犊牛的可接受方案，而INJ组导致镇痛效果不一及低氧血症。高容量尾骶部硬膜外麻醉为脐部手术提供了一种实用且廉价的麻醉方法。
