Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), New Delhi & CoE-CARRS, PHFI, New Delhi, India.
BMC Public Health. 2012 Aug 28;12:701. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-701.
Cardio-metabolic diseases (CMDs) are a growing public health problem, but data on incidence, trends, and costs in developing countries is scarce. Comprehensive and standardised surveillance for non-communicable diseases was recommended at the United Nations High-level meeting in 2011.
To develop a model surveillance system for CMDs and risk factors that could be adopted for continued assessment of burdens from multiple perspectives in South-Asian countries.
Hybrid model with two cross-sectional serial surveys three years apart to monitor trend, with a three-year prospective follow-up of the first cohort.Sites: Three urban settings (Chennai and New Delhi in India; Karachi in Pakistan), 4000 participants in each site stratified by gender and age.Sampling methodology: Multi-stage cluster random sampling; followed by within-household participant selection through a combination of Health Information National Trends Study (HINTS) and Kish methods.Culturally-appropriate and methodologically-relevant data collection instruments were developed to gather information on CMDs and their risk factors; quality of life, health-care utilisation and costs, along with objective measures of anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters. The cohort follow-up is designed as a pilot study to understand the feasibility of estimating incidence of risk factors, disease events, morbidity, and mortality.
The overall participant response rate in the first cross-sectional survey was 94.1% (Chennai 92.4%, n = 4943; Delhi 95.7%, n = 4425; Karachi 94.3%, n = 4016). 51.8% of the participants were females, 61.6% < 45years, 27.5% 45-60years and 10.9% >60 years.
This surveillance model will generate data on prevalence and trends; help study the complex life-course patterns of CMDs, and provide a platform for developing and testing interventions and tools for prevention and control of CMDs in South-Asia. It will also help understanding the challenges and opportunities in establishing a surveillance system across countries.
心血管代谢疾病（CMDs）是一个日益严重的公共卫生问题，但发展中国家关于发病率、趋势和成本的数据却很少。联合国 2011 年高级别会议建议对非传染性疾病进行全面和标准化监测。
为 CMD 和风险因素建立一个监测模型，以便在南亚国家从多个角度继续评估疾病负担。
混合模型，包括两次相隔三年的横断面系列调查，以监测趋势，并对第一队列进行为期三年的前瞻性随访。
三个城市（印度的钦奈和新德里；巴基斯坦的卡拉奇），每个地点有 4000 名参与者，按性别和年龄分层。
多阶段聚类随机抽样；然后通过健康信息国家趋势研究（HINTS）和 Kish 方法相结合，对每个家庭进行参与者选择。
开发了适合文化和方法相关的数据收集工具，以收集 CMD 及其风险因素的信息；生活质量、医疗保健利用和成本，以及人体测量、临床和生化参数的客观测量。该队列随访旨在作为一项试点研究，以了解估计风险因素、疾病事件、发病率和死亡率的可行性。
第一次横断面调查的总体参与者应答率为 94.1%（钦奈 92.4%，n=4943；德里 95.7%，n=4425；卡拉奇 94.3%，n=4016）。51.8%的参与者为女性，61.6%<45 岁，27.5%45-60 岁，10.9%>60 岁。
该监测模型将生成关于患病率和趋势的数据；有助于研究 CMD 的复杂生命过程模式，并为南亚预防和控制 CMD 的干预措施和工具的开发和测试提供平台。它还将帮助了解在各国建立监测系统所面临的挑战和机遇。
