Visible light-induced hole injection into rectifying molecular wires anchored on Co3O4 and SiO2 nanoparticles.

Tight control of charge transport from a visible light sensitizer to a metal oxide nanoparticle catalyst for water oxidation is a critical requirement for developing efficient artificial photosynthetic systems. By utilizing covalently anchored molecular wires for hole transport from sensitizer to the oxide surface, the challenge of high rate and unidirectionality of the charge flow can be addressed. Functionalized hole conducting molecular wires of type p-oligo(phenylenevinylene) (3 aryl units, abbreviated PV3) with various anchoring groups for the covalent attachment to Co(3)O(4) catalyst nanoparticles were synthesized and two alternative methods for attachment to the oxide nanoparticle surface introduced. Covalent anchoring of intact PV3 molecules on Co(3)O(4) nanoparticles (and on SiO(2) nanoparticles for control purposes) was established by FT-Raman, FT-IR, and optical spectroscopy including observation, in some cases, of the vibrational signature of the anchored functionality. Direct monitoring of the kinetics of hole transfer from a visible light sensitizer in aqueous solution (Ru(bpy)(3) (and derivatives) light absorber, Co(NH(3))(5)Cl acceptor) to wire molecules on inert SiO(2)(12 nm) particles by nanosecond laser absorption spectroscopy revealed efficient, encounter controlled rates. For wire molecules anchored on Co(3)O(4) nanoparticles, the recovery of the reduced sensitizer at 470 nm indicated similarly efficient hole transfer to the attached PV3, yet no transient hole signal was detected at 600 nm. This implies hole injection from the anchored wire molecule into the Co(3)O(4) particle within 1 μs or shorter, indicating efficient charge transport from the visible light sensitizer to the oxide catalyst particle.