Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
Pest Manag Sci. 2012 Nov;68(11):1438-46. doi: 10.1002/ps.3397. Epub 2012 Sep 4.
Being one of the most abundant and species-rich groups of natural enemies occurring in all agroecosystems, spiders are variably affected by pesticide applications. Here, a review is given of research on spider ecotoxicology. More than 40 species of spiders and almost 130 pesticides (acaricides, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides) have been tested so far in the field or under laboratory conditions. Field studies show that the degree of population reduction following pesticide application is a function of a number of factors inherent to pesticides, crops and spider species (guilds). These studies also revealed indirect effects via habitat and prey disruption. Among laboratory studies, a number of papers have investigated only the direct lethal effect. A meta-analysis of these data reveals that spiders are mainly affected by acaricides and insecticides, particularly neurotoxic substances. Currently, ecotoxicological research on spiders is focused more on direct sublethal effects on a variety of behavioural traits (locomotion, predation, web-building, reproduction, development) and physiology. Yet a standardised approach to the evaluation of sublethal effects is lacking. A few studies have provided some evidence for hormesis in spiders. Future research should be more concentrated on sublethal effects and the estimation of long-term changes in spider populations as a result of pesticide treatment.
蜘蛛作为所有农业生态系统中最丰富和物种最多的天敌之一，受到农药应用的影响程度各不相同。本文综述了蜘蛛生态毒理学的研究进展。迄今为止，已有 40 多种蜘蛛和近 130 种农药（杀螨剂、杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂）在野外或实验室条件下进行了测试。田间研究表明，施药后种群减少的程度是农药、作物和蜘蛛物种（类群）固有许多因素的函数。这些研究还揭示了通过生境和猎物破坏的间接影响。在实验室研究中，有一些论文仅调查了直接致死效应。对这些数据的荟萃分析表明，蜘蛛主要受到杀螨剂和杀虫剂的影响，特别是神经毒性物质。目前，对蜘蛛的生态毒理学研究更多地集中在各种行为特征（运动、捕食、织网、繁殖、发育）和生理上的直接亚致死效应。然而，缺乏对亚致死效应评估的标准化方法。一些研究为蜘蛛的毒物兴奋效应提供了一些证据。未来的研究应更加集中在亚致死效应上，并估计由于农药处理而导致的蜘蛛种群的长期变化。
