Muleme Michael, Barigye Robert, Khaitsa Margaret L, Berry Eugene, Wamono Anthony W, Ayebazibwe Chrisostom
Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
Trop Anim Health Prod. 2013 Jan;45(1):35-43. doi: 10.1007/s11250-012-0254-6. Epub 2012 Sep 7.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. In Uganda, FMD outbreaks are mainly controlled by ring vaccination and restriction of animal movements. Vaccination stimulates immunity and prevents animals from developing clinical signs which include lameness, inappetence, and decreased production. Ring vaccination and restriction of animal movements have, however, not successfully controlled FMD in Uganda and outbreaks reoccur annually. The objective of this study was to review the use of FMD virus (FMDV) vaccines and assess the effectiveness of vaccination programs for controlling FMD in Uganda (2001-2010), using retrospective data. FMD vaccine distribution patterns in Uganda (2001-2010) matched occurrence of outbreaks with districts reporting the highest number of outbreaks also receiving the largest quantity of vaccines. This was possibly due to "fire brigade" response of vaccinating animals after outbreaks have been reported. On average, only 10.3 % of cattle within districts that reported outbreaks during the study period were vaccinated. The average minimum time between onset of outbreaks and vaccination was 7.5 weeks, while the annual cost of FMDV vaccines used ranged from US $58,000 to 1,088,820. Between 2001 and 2010, serotyping of FMD virus was done in only 9/121 FMD outbreaks, and there is no evidence that vaccine matching or vaccine potency tests have been done in Uganda. The probability of FMDV vaccine and outbreak mismatch, the delayed response to outbreaks through vaccination, and the high costs associated with importation of FMDV vaccines could be reduced if virus serotyping and subtyping as well as vaccine matching were regularly done, and the results were considered for vaccine manufacture.
口蹄疫是偶蹄动物的一种高度传染性疾病。在乌干达，口蹄疫疫情主要通过环状疫苗接种和限制动物流动来控制。疫苗接种可刺激免疫力，防止动物出现包括跛行、食欲不振和产量下降在内的临床症状。然而，环状疫苗接种和限制动物流动在乌干达未能成功控制口蹄疫，疫情每年都会再次发生。本研究的目的是利用回顾性数据，回顾口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）疫苗的使用情况，并评估乌干达（2001 - 2010年）控制口蹄疫的疫苗接种计划的有效性。乌干达（2001 - 2010年）的口蹄疫疫苗分发模式与疫情发生情况相匹配，报告疫情数量最多的地区也获得了最大数量的疫苗。这可能是由于在报告疫情后对动物进行疫苗接种的“消防队”式反应。在研究期间报告有疫情的地区，平均只有10.3%的牛接种了疫苗。疫情爆发与疫苗接种之间的平均最短时间为7.5周，而使用的口蹄疫病毒疫苗的年度成本在58,000美元至1,088,820美元之间。2001年至2010年期间，仅在121起口蹄疫疫情中的9起进行了口蹄疫病毒血清分型，而且没有证据表明乌干达进行了疫苗匹配或疫苗效力测试。如果定期进行病毒血清分型和亚型分析以及疫苗匹配，并将结果用于疫苗生产，口蹄疫病毒疫苗与疫情不匹配的可能性、通过疫苗接种对疫情的延迟反应以及与进口口蹄疫病毒疫苗相关的高成本都可以降低。
