Ecol Evol. 2012 Jul;2(7):1549-62. doi: 10.1002/ece3.244.
Harvesting wild populations may contrast or reinforce natural agents of selection and potentially cause evolutionary changes in life-history traits such as growth and maturation. Harvest selection may also act on behavioral traits, although this field of research has so far received less attention. We used acoustic tags and a network of receivers to monitor the behavior and fate of individual Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua, N = 60) in their natural habitat on the Norwegian Skagerrak coast. Fish with a strong diel vertical migration, alternating between shallow- and deep-water habitats, had a higher risk of being captured in the fishery (traps, gillnet, hand line) as compared to fish that stayed in deeper water. There was also a significant negative correlation between fish size (30-66 cm) and the magnitude of diel vertical migration. Natural selection on behavior was less clear, but tended to favor fish with a large activity space. On a monthly time scale we found significant repeatabilities for cod behavior, meaning that individual characteristics tended to persist and therefore may be termed personality traits. We argue that an evolutionary approach to fisheries management should consider fish behavior. This would be of particular relevance for spatial management actions such as marine reserve design.
捕捞野生种群可能与自然选择因素形成对比或强化，从而潜在地导致生长和成熟等生活史特征发生进化变化。捕捞选择也可能作用于行为特征，但到目前为止，这一研究领域还没有受到太多关注。我们使用声学标签和接收器网络，在挪威斯卡格拉克海岸的自然栖息地监测了 60 条大西洋鳕鱼（Gadus morhua）个体的行为和命运。与停留在深水区的鱼相比，具有强烈昼夜垂直洄游（在浅水区和深水区之间交替）的鱼更有可能被捕捞（陷阱、刺网、手钓）。鱼类的大小（30-66 厘米）与昼夜垂直迁移幅度之间也存在显著的负相关关系。行为的自然选择不太明显，但倾向于有利于活动空间较大的鱼类。在每月的时间尺度上，我们发现鳕鱼行为具有显著的可重复性，这意味着个体特征往往持续存在，因此可以称之为个性特征。我们认为，渔业管理的进化方法应该考虑鱼类的行为。这对于空间管理措施（如海洋保护区设计）尤为重要。
