Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari, Via G, Amendola, 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
Lipids Health Dis. 2012 Sep 11;11:113. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-11-113.
Milk contains numerous nutrients. The content of n-3 fatty acids, the n-6/n-3 ratio, and short- and medium-chain fatty acids may promote positive health effects. In Western societies, cow's milk fat is perceived as a risk factor for health because it is a source of a high fraction of saturated fatty acids. Recently, there has been increasing interest in donkey's milk. In this work, the fat and energetic value and acidic composition of donkey's milk, with reference to human nutrition, and their variations during lactation, were investigated. We also discuss the implications of the acidic profile of donkey's milk on human nutrition.
Individual milk samples from lactating jennies were collected 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210days after foaling, for the analysis of fat, proteins and lactose, which was achieved using an infrared milk analyser, and fatty acids composition by gas chromatography.
The donkey's milk was characterised by low fat and energetic (1719.2kJ·kg-1) values, a high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content of mainly α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), a low n-6 to n-3 FA ratio or LA/ALA ratio, and advantageous values of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. Among the minor PUFA, docosahesaenoic (DHA), eicosapentanoic (EPA), and arachidonic (AA) acids were present in very small amounts (<1%). In addition, the AA/EPA ratio was low (0.18). The fat and energetic values decreased (P < 0.01) during lactation.The fatty acid patterns were affected by the lactation stage and showed a decrease (P < 0.01) in saturated fatty acids content and an increase (P < 0.01) in the unsaturated fatty acids content. The n-6 to n-3 ratio and the LA/ALA ratio were approximately 2:1, with values <1 during the last period of lactation, suggesting the more optimal use of milk during this period.
The high level of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids and PUFA-n3 content and the low n-6/n-3 ratio suggest the use of donkey's milk as a functional food for human nutrition and its potential utilisation for infant nutrition as well as adult diets, particular for the elderly.
牛奶含有多种营养成分。n-3 脂肪酸的含量、n-6/n-3 比值以及短链和中链脂肪酸可能会促进健康的积极影响。在西方社会，牛奶脂肪被认为是健康的危险因素，因为它是高比例饱和脂肪酸的来源。最近，人们对驴奶的兴趣日益增加。在这项工作中，我们研究了驴奶的脂肪和能量值以及酸性成分，参考了人类营养，并研究了其在哺乳期的变化，还讨论了驴奶酸性特征对人类营养的影响。
从哺乳期母驴身上采集了 15、30、45、60、90、120、150、180 和 210 天后的个体奶样，用于使用红外奶分析仪分析脂肪、蛋白质和乳糖，并通过气相色谱法分析脂肪酸组成。
驴奶的特点是脂肪和能量值低（1719.2kJ·kg-1），多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）含量高，主要为α-亚麻酸（ALA）和亚油酸（LA），n-6/n-3 FA 比值或 LA/ALA 比值低，有利的动脉粥样硬化和血栓形成指数值。在少量的 PUFA 中，二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）、二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和花生四烯酸（AA）的含量非常小（<1%）。此外，AA/EPA 比值低（0.18）。在哺乳期，脂肪和能量值降低（P < 0.01）。脂肪酸模式受泌乳阶段的影响，表现为饱和脂肪酸含量降低（P < 0.01），不饱和脂肪酸含量增加（P < 0.01）。n-6/n-3 比值和 LA/ALA 比值约为 2:1，在哺乳期的最后阶段<1，表明在此期间更能有效地利用牛奶。
不饱和/饱和脂肪酸和 PUFA-n3 含量高，n-6/n-3 比值低，表明驴奶可作为人类营养的功能性食品，也可用于婴儿营养以及成人饮食，特别是老年人。
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