Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Nov 20;46(22):12600-7. doi: 10.1021/es302371f. Epub 2012 Oct 29.
Reducing emissions from ocean-going vessels (OGVs) as they sail near populated areas is a widely recognized goal, and Vessel Speed Reduction (VSR) is one of several strategies that is being adopted by regulators and port authorities. The goal of this research was to measure the emission benefits associated with greenhouse gas and criteria pollutants by operating OGVs at reduced speed. Emissions were measured from one Panamax and one post-Panamax class container vessels as their vessel speed was reduced from cruise to 15 knots or below. VSR to 12 knots yielded carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) emissions reductions (in kg/nautical mile (kg/nmi)) of approximately 61% and 56%, respectively, as compared to vessel cruise speed. The mass emission rate (kg/nmi) of PM(2.5) was reduced by 69% with VSR to 12 knots alone and by ~97% when coupled with the use of the marine gas oil (MGO) with 0.00065% sulfur content. Emissions data from vessels while operating at sea are scarce and measurements from this research demonstrated that tidal current is a significant parameter affecting emission factors (EFs) at lower engine loads. Emissions factors at ≤20% loads calculated by methodology adopted by regulatory agencies were found to underestimate PM(2.5) and NO(x) by 72% and 51%, respectively, when compared to EFs measured in this study. Total pollutant emitted (TPE) in the emission control area (ECA) was calculated, and emission benefits were estimated as the VSR zone increased from 24 to 200 nmi. TPE(CO2) and TPE(PM2.5) estimated for large container vessels showed benefits for CO(2) (2-26%) and PM(2.5) (4-57%) on reducing speeds from 15 to 12 knots, whereas TPE(CO2) and TPE(PM2.5) for small and medium container vessels were similar at 15 and 12 knots.
减少海洋船舶（OGV）在靠近人口密集区航行时的排放是一个广泛认可的目标，而船舶减速（VSR）是监管机构和港口当局采用的几种策略之一。本研究的目的是测量通过降低 OGV 速度来运行与温室气体和污染物标准有关的排放效益。从一艘巴拿马型和一艘巴拿马型后型集装箱船测量排放，将其船速从巡航速度降低至 15 节或以下。与船舶巡航速度相比，减速至 12 节可分别减少二氧化碳（CO2）和氮氧化物（NOx）排放量（以每海里/海里（kg/nmi）计）约 61%和 56%。单独使用 VSR 减速至 12 节时，PM2.5 的质量排放量（kg/nmi）减少了 69%，当与使用含 0.00065%硫的船用柴油（MGO）结合使用时，减少了约 97%。在海上运行时，船舶的排放数据很少，本研究的测量结果表明，潮流是影响低发动机负荷下排放因子（EF）的重要参数。与本研究中测量的 EF 相比，采用监管机构采用的方法计算的≤20%负荷下的 EF 低估了 PM2.5 和 NOx 分别为 72%和 51%。计算了排放控制区（ECA）的总污染物排放量（TPE），并估计了随着 VSR 区从 24 增加到 200 海里，排放效益。对于大型集装箱船，TPE（CO2）和 TPE（PM2.5）估计表明，从 15 节减速至 12 节时，CO2（2-26%）和 PM2.5（4-57%）有收益，而 15 节和 12 节时，小型和中型集装箱船的 TPE（CO2）和 TPE（PM2.5）相似。
