University of Virginia, 102 Gilmer Hall, P.O. Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4400, USA,
J Youth Adolesc. 2013 Oct;42(10):1583-95. doi: 10.1007/s10964-012-9819-y. Epub 2012 Sep 19.
Positive relationships with parents and nonparental adults have the potential to bolster Black adolescents' socio-emotional well-being. Though each type of intergenerational relationship has been linked to more positive youth outcomes, few studies have examined the interactive influences of parenting and natural mentoring relationships on the socio-emotional development of Black youth. In the current study, we examined associations between involved-vigilant parenting and the psychological well-being and social skills of Black early adolescents (n = 259; 58 % female; mean age = 13.56, SD = .96) across types of natural mentoring relationships. Using K-means cluster analysis, we identified two types of mentoring relationships (less connected and more connected) based on relationship length, involvement, closeness, and frequency of contact. Youth with more connected mentoring relationships (n = 123) had higher psychological well-being and social skills than youth with no mentor (n = 64) or less connected mentors (n = 72). Youth without a natural mentor and youth with less connected mentors did not differ in their levels of social skills or psychological well-being. Structural equation modeling was conducted to determine if associations between involved-vigilant parenting and youths' psychological well-being and social skills varied among youth with a more connected mentoring relationship in comparison to youth without a mentor or with a less connected mentor, controlling for participants' gender, age, school, and parental education. The positive associations between involved-vigilant parenting and adolescents' psychological well-being and social skills were weaker among adolescents with a more connected mentoring relationship in comparison to their peers without or with a less connected mentoring relationship. These results suggest that youth may be more strongly influenced by involved-vigilant parenting in the absence of a strongly connected natural mentoring relationship.
与父母和非父母成年人的积极关系有可能增强黑人青少年的社会情感幸福感。尽管每一种代际关系都与更积极的青年结果有关，但很少有研究考察父母养育和自然指导关系对黑人青年社会情感发展的相互影响。在当前的研究中，我们研究了参与式警惕型养育与黑人早期青少年（n=259；58%为女性；平均年龄=13.56，标准差=0.96）心理幸福感和社交技能之间的关联，涉及各种类型的自然指导关系。使用 K-均值聚类分析，我们根据关系的长度、参与度、亲密程度和联系频率，确定了两种类型的指导关系（联系较少和联系较多）。与没有导师（n=64）或联系较少的导师（n=72）相比，具有更紧密联系的导师关系（n=123）的青少年具有更高的心理幸福感和社交技能。没有自然导师的青少年和与导师联系较少的青少年在社交技能或心理幸福感方面没有差异。结构方程模型用于确定在与没有导师或与导师联系较少的青少年相比，具有更紧密联系的导师关系的青少年中，参与式警惕型养育与青少年心理幸福感和社交技能之间的关联是否存在差异，同时控制参与者的性别、年龄、学校和父母教育。与没有导师或与导师联系较少的青少年相比，具有更紧密联系的导师关系的青少年中，参与式警惕型养育与青少年心理幸福感和社交技能之间的正相关较弱。这些结果表明，在缺乏紧密联系的自然指导关系的情况下，青少年可能更容易受到参与式警惕型养育的影响。
