Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8686, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2013;64:309-33. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143826. Epub 2012 Sep 17.
Despite shifts toward greater acceptance in U.S. public opinion and policy, lesbian, gay, and bisexual people remain widely stigmatized. This article reviews empirical research on sexual prejudice, that is, heterosexuals' internalization of cultural stigma, manifested in the form of negative attitudes toward sexual minorities and same-sex desires and behaviors. After briefly reviewing measurement issues, we discuss linkages between sexual prejudice and religion, gender, sexuality, and related variables, and consider how the cultural institutions encompassing these domains create a social context within which individual expressions of prejudice can meet important psychological needs. These include needs for securing social acceptance, affirming values that are central to one's self-concept, and avoiding anxiety and other negative emotions associated with threats to self-esteem. We conclude by discussing factors that may motivate heterosexuals to reduce their own sexual prejudice, including intergroup contact, as well as avenues for future empirical inquiry.
尽管美国公众舆论和政策朝着更大程度的接受转变，但女同性恋、男同性恋和双性恋者仍然普遍受到污名化。本文回顾了关于性偏见的实证研究，即异性恋者内化文化污名的现象，表现为对性少数群体和同性欲望和行为的负面态度。在简要回顾测量问题之后，我们讨论了性偏见与宗教、性别、性取向和相关变量之间的联系，并考虑了包含这些领域的文化机构如何创造一个社会环境，使个体的偏见表达能够满足重要的心理需求。这些需求包括获得社会认可、肯定对自我概念至关重要的价值观，以及避免与自尊受到威胁相关的焦虑和其他负面情绪。最后，我们讨论了可能促使异性恋者减少自身性偏见的因素，包括群体间接触，以及未来实证研究的途径。
