Entomology Group, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie and Evolutionsbiologie, FSU Jena, Jena, Germany.
Arthropod Struct Dev. 2013 Jan;42(1):47-68. doi: 10.1016/j.asd.2012.09.005. Epub 2012 Sep 23.
The morphological features of the third instar larva of the most important insect model, Drosophila melanogaster, are documented for the first time using a broad spectrum of modern morphological techniques. External structures of the body wall, the cephaloskeleton, and the musculature are described and illustrated. Additional information about other internal organs is provided. The systematic implications of the findings are discussed briefly. Internal apomorphic features of Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha are confirmed for Drosophila. Despite the intensive investigations of the phylogeny of the megadiverse Diptera, evolutionary reconstructions are still impeded by the scarcity of anatomical data for brachyceran larvae. The available morphological information for the life stages of three insect model organisms -D. melanogaster (Diptera, Drosophilidae), Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) - is addressed briefly. The usefulness of a combination of traditional and innovative techniques for an optimized acquisition of anatomical data for different life stages is highlighted.
首次使用广泛的现代形态技术记录了最重要的昆虫模型——黑腹果蝇的三龄幼虫的形态特征。描述并图示了体壁、头骨骼和肌肉系统的外部结构。提供了其他内部器官的附加信息。简要讨论了研究结果的系统意义。确认了双翅目短角亚目和环裂亚目的果蝇内变形特征。尽管对巨量的双翅目昆虫的系统发育进行了深入研究，但由于短角亚目幼虫的解剖学数据稀缺，进化重建仍然受到阻碍。简要介绍了三种昆虫模式生物（黑腹果蝇（双翅目，果蝇科）、烟青虫（鳞翅目，夜蛾科）和赤拟谷盗（鞘翅目，拟步甲科））的生活阶段的可用形态信息。强调了传统和创新技术的结合对于不同生活阶段解剖学数据的优化获取的有用性。
