Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2012;28:439-62. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-155705.
The second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) has emerged as a broadly conserved intracellular signaling molecule. This soluble molecule is important for controlling biofilm formation, adhesion, motility, virulence, and cell morphogenesis in diverse bacterial species. But how is the typical bacterial cell able to coordinate the actions of upward of 50 proteins involved in synthesizing, degrading, and binding c-di-GMP? Understanding the specificity of c-di-GMP signaling in the context of so many enzymes involved in making, breaking, and binding the second messenger will be possible only through mechanistic studies of its output systems. Here we discuss three newly characterized c-di-GMP effector systems that are best understood in terms of molecular and structural detail. As they are conserved across many bacterial species, they likely will serve as central paradigms for c-di-GMP output systems and contribute to our understanding of how bacteria control critical aspects of their biology.
双（3′-5′）-环二鸟苷酸（c-di-GMP）作为一种广泛保守的细胞内信号分子而出现。这种可溶性分子对于控制不同细菌物种中的生物膜形成、粘附、运动性、毒力和细胞形态发生非常重要。但是，典型的细菌细胞如何协调参与合成、降解和结合 c-di-GMP 的 50 多种蛋白质的作用？只有通过对其输出系统进行机制研究，才能理解在涉及制造、破坏和结合第二信使的如此多的酶的情况下 c-di-GMP 信号的特异性。在这里，我们讨论了三个新表征的 c-di-GMP 效应子系统，从分子和结构细节方面来看，它们是最容易理解的。由于它们在许多细菌物种中都保守，因此它们可能作为 c-di-GMP 输出系统的中心范例，并有助于我们理解细菌如何控制其生物学的关键方面。
