Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, P.O. Box 180, 10002, Zagreb, Croatia.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012 Dec;96(5):1175-89. doi: 10.1007/s00253-012-4495-0. Epub 2012 Oct 18.
Since their first introduction in the mid 1950s, man-made s-triazine herbicides such as atrazine have extensively been used in agriculture to control broadleaf weed growth in different crops, and thus contributed to improving crop yield and quality. Atrazine is the most widely used s-triazine herbicide for the control of weeds in crops such as corn and sorghum. Although atrazine was initially found to be slowly and partially biodegradable, predominantly by nonspecific P450 monoxygenases which do not sustain microbial growth, microorganisms gradually evolved as a result of repeated exposure, started using it as a growth substrate and eventually succeeded in mineralizing it. Within three decades, an entirely new hydrolase-dependent pathway for atrazine mineralization emerged and rapidly spread worldwide among genetically different bacteria. This review focuses on the enzymes involved in atrazine mineralization and their evolutionary histories, the genetic composition of microbial populations involved in atrazine degradation and the biotechnologies that have been developed, based on these systems, for the bioremediation of atrazine contamination in the environment.
自 20 世纪 50 年代中期首次引入以来，人工合成的三嗪类除草剂（如莠去津）已广泛应用于农业，以控制不同作物中的阔叶杂草生长，从而有助于提高作物产量和质量。莠去津是用于控制玉米和高粱等作物杂草的最广泛使用的三嗪类除草剂。尽管莠去津最初被发现是缓慢和部分可生物降解的，主要是通过非特异性 P450 单加氧酶，这些酶不能维持微生物的生长，但由于反复暴露，微生物逐渐进化，开始将其用作生长基质，并最终成功地将其矿化。在三十年的时间里，一种全新的依赖于水解酶的莠去津矿化途径出现，并在全球范围内迅速在遗传上不同的细菌中传播。本综述重点介绍了参与莠去津矿化的酶及其进化历史、参与莠去津降解的微生物种群的遗传组成，以及基于这些系统开发的用于环境中莠去津污染生物修复的生物技术。
