Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2013 May;15(5):950-6. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nts223. Epub 2012 Oct 22.
Researchers have recently suggested that nicotine and carcinogen exposure as measured by biomarkers such as cotinine and NNAL (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol) does not vary with cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) among Black smokers. Researchers have also suggested that nicotine exposure does not differ between menthol and nonmenthol smokers. In this study, we examine NNAL exposure for U.S. smokers by race, CPD, and menthol cigarette use.
We analyzed urinary NNAL concentrations for more than 1500 everyday smokers participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007-2010. For purposes of comparison, we also analyzed serum cotinine concentrations for these smokers. We used linear regression analysis to estimate mean biomarker concentrations by CPD and race/ethnicity group and to examine the association between biomarker concentrations and menthol cigarette use by race/ethnicity group, controlling for other demographic and smoking characteristics.
Biomarker concentrations increased with CPD for White, Black, and Hispanic smokers although NNAL concentrations leveled off for Black smokers at lower CPD levels compared with other smokers. Mean NNAL concentrations were lower among menthol smokers compared with nonmenthol smokers among smokers overall (β = -0.165, p = .032) and White smokers (β = -0.207, p = .048).
We find evidence in national health survey data that nicotine and carcinogen exposure generally increases with CPD across race/ethnicity groups although the pattern of NNAL exposure differs by race/ethnicity group at high CPD levels. We also find evidence of differences in NNAL exposure for menthol smokers compared with nonmenthol smokers among smokers overall and White smokers.
研究人员最近提出，尼古丁和致癌物暴露（如可替宁和 NNAL（4-（甲基亚硝氨基）-1-（3-吡啶基）-1-丁醇）等生物标志物测量）并不随黑人吸烟者每天吸烟的支数（CPD）而变化。研究人员还提出，薄荷醇和非薄荷醇吸烟者之间的尼古丁暴露没有差异。在这项研究中，我们按种族、CPD 和薄荷醇香烟使用情况检查了美国吸烟者的 NNAL 暴露情况。
我们分析了 2007-2010 年参加国家健康和营养调查的 1500 多名日常吸烟者的尿液 NNAL 浓度。为了进行比较，我们还分析了这些吸烟者的血清可替宁浓度。我们使用线性回归分析按 CPD 和种族/族裔群体估计平均生物标志物浓度，并在控制其他人口统计学和吸烟特征的情况下，按种族/族裔群体检查生物标志物浓度与薄荷醇香烟使用之间的关系。
生物标志物浓度随 CPD 的增加而增加，无论白人、黑人还是西班牙裔吸烟者，但与其他吸烟者相比，黑人吸烟者的 NNAL 浓度在较低的 CPD 水平下趋于平稳。总体而言，与非薄荷醇吸烟者相比，薄荷醇吸烟者的 NNAL 浓度较低（β=-0.165，p=0.032）和白人吸烟者（β=-0.207，p=0.048）。
我们在全国健康调查数据中发现，尼古丁和致癌物暴露通常随 CPD 在种族/族裔群体中增加，尽管在高 CPD 水平下，不同种族/族裔群体的 NNAL 暴露模式不同。我们还发现，与非薄荷醇吸烟者相比，总体而言和白人吸烟者中，薄荷醇吸烟者的 NNAL 暴露存在差异。
