Mustonen Taru Kinnunen, Spencer Stacie M, Hoskinson Randall A, Sachs David P L, Garvey Arthur J
Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2005 Aug;7(4):581-90. doi: 10.1080/14622200500185199.
Research has suggested that race, gender, and menthol cigarette use influence tobacco-smoke exposure measures and smoking-related disease risk. For example, a high proportion of Black smokers prefer menthol cigarettes and, despite smoking fewer cigarettes per day (CPD) than do Whites, tend to have higher cotinine levels. Additionally, Black males are more at risk for smoking-related lung cancer. High cotinine levels and smoking menthol cigarettes may lead to higher toxin intake, which contributes to increased disease risk. We explored the relationship between tobacco exposure variables (i.e., cotinine, CPD, carbon monoxide [CO], nicotine content, and nicotine dependence) with respect to race, gender, and menthol content in a sample of 307 smokers recruited from the greater Boston area to participate in a smoking cessation treatment trial. The pattern of correlations between tobacco exposure measures and cotinine showed a consistently positive correlation between cotinine and CO in all smokers and a correlation between cotinine and CPD in those who smoked nonmenthol cigarettes. Cotinine and CPD correlations varied by gender and race among menthol cigarette smokers. Consistently, we found a significant gender x race x menthol interaction on salivary cotinine level as well as cotinine/CPD ratio. These findings suggest that the relationship between number of cigarettes consumed and salivary cotinine is more complex than previously believed. It is not sufficient to look at race alone; researchers and clinicians need to look at race and gender concurrently, as well as type of cigarette consumed.
研究表明，种族、性别和薄荷醇香烟的使用会影响烟草烟雾暴露指标以及与吸烟相关的疾病风险。例如，很大一部分黑人吸烟者更喜欢薄荷醇香烟，尽管他们每天吸烟支数（CPD）比白人少，但往往有更高的可替宁水平。此外，黑人男性患与吸烟相关肺癌的风险更高。高可替宁水平和吸薄荷醇香烟可能导致更高的毒素摄入，这会增加疾病风险。我们在从大波士顿地区招募的307名吸烟者样本中，探讨了烟草暴露变量（即可替宁、CPD、一氧化碳[CO]、尼古丁含量和尼古丁依赖）与种族、性别和薄荷醇含量之间的关系，这些吸烟者参与了一项戒烟治疗试验。烟草暴露指标与可替宁之间的相关性模式显示，在所有吸烟者中，可替宁与CO之间始终呈正相关，在吸非薄荷醇香烟的人群中，可替宁与CPD之间存在相关性。在吸薄荷醇香烟的人群中，可替宁与CPD的相关性因性别和种族而异。我们一致发现，唾液可替宁水平以及可替宁/CPD比值存在显著的性别×种族×薄荷醇交互作用。这些发现表明，吸烟支数与唾液可替宁之间的关系比之前认为的更为复杂。仅考虑种族是不够的；研究人员和临床医生需要同时考虑种族和性别，以及所吸香烟的类型。
