CNR-IRSA, Water Research Institute, Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013 Jan;405(1):143-57. doi: 10.1007/s00216-012-6492-7. Epub 2012 Oct 30.
Bioaccumulation of PFAS in aquatic organisms is an environmental problem of growing concern around the world. This problem has been tackled by regulatory bodies by proposing EQS for biota in EU water bodies and tolerable daily intake for food. The introduction of regulatory limits requires the availability of harmonised and validated analytical methods of sufficient sensitivity. This paper reviews recent advances in analytical methods for analysis of PFAS in aquatic organisms. The methods available for biota analysis are mostly based on three extraction procedures: ion-pair extraction, solvent liquid extraction, and alkaline digestion. The resulting extracts are then subjected to different clean-up or enrichment steps on solid adsorbents, for example graphitized carbon black, C(18), and WAX phases. All methods reviewed in this work give reliable results but are partially validated only, because of the lack of certified reference materials and regular interlaboratory exercises. The few interlaboratory exercises performed on real unspiked samples did not afford satisfactory results for PFAS other than PFOS, especially for matrices with high lipid content, for example mussels. The reasons for those partially negative results have been identified, and can mainly be attributed to calibration procedures and availability and purity of standards. The urgent need for certified reference materials for this type of analysis is emphasized.
PFAS 在水生生物体内的生物累积是一个在全球范围内日益受到关注的环境问题。监管机构通过在欧盟水体中为生物群提出 EQS 和可耐受每日摄入量来解决这个问题。监管限制的引入需要有足够灵敏度的协调和验证的分析方法。本文综述了分析水生生物体内 PFAS 的分析方法的最新进展。可用于生物群分析的方法主要基于三种提取程序：离子对提取、溶剂液提取和碱性消解。然后，将得到的提取物进行不同的固相吸附剂上的净化或富集步骤，例如石墨化炭黑、C(18)和 WAX 相。本文综述的所有方法都能给出可靠的结果，但只进行了部分验证，因为缺乏认证参考物质和定期的实验室间研究。在实际未加标样品上进行的几次实验室间研究并没有为 PFOS 以外的 PFAS 提供满意的结果，尤其是对脂质含量高的基质，例如贻贝类。确定了造成这些部分负面结果的原因，主要归因于校准程序以及标准的可用性和纯度。强调了对此类分析需要认证参考物质的迫切需求。
