Department of Health and Human Services, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, NIH/DHHS, 6120 Executive Boulevard, EPS 8011, Bethesda, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
Br J Cancer. 2013 Jan 15;108(1):205-12. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2012.522. Epub 2012 Nov 20.
Nitrate and nitrite are present in many foods and are precursors of N-nitroso compounds, known animal carcinogens and potential human carcinogens. We prospectively investigated the association between nitrate and nitrite intake from dietary sources and risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) overall and clear cell and papillary histological subtypes in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study.
Nitrate and nitrite intakes were estimated from a 124-item food frequency questionnaire. Over a mean follow-up of 9 years, we identified 1816 RCC cases (n=498, clear cell; n=115, papillary cell) among 491 841 participants. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Individuals in the highest quintile of nitrite intake from animal sources compared with those in the lowest quintile, had an increased risk of total RCC and clear cell subtype (HR=1.28, 95% CI, 1.10-1.49 and HR=1.68, 95% CI, 1.25-2.27, respectively). Nitrite from processed meats and other animal sources were associated with increased clear cell adenocarcinoma risk (HR=1.33, 95% CI, 1.01-1.76 and HR=1.78, 95% CI, 1.34-2.36, respectively). We found no association for nitrite intake from plant sources or nitrate intake overall.
Our findings suggest that nitrite from animal sources may increase the risk of RCC, particularly clear cell adenocarcinomas.
硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐存在于许多食物中，是 N-亚硝基化合物的前体，已知的动物致癌物和潜在的人类致癌物。我们前瞻性地研究了饮食来源的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐摄入与肾细胞癌（RCC）总体风险以及 NIH-AARP 饮食与健康研究中透明细胞和乳头状组织学亚型的关系。
硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的摄入量是根据一份包含 124 种食物的频率问卷来估计的。在平均 9 年的随访期间，我们在 491841 名参与者中发现了 1816 例 RCC 病例（n=498 例，透明细胞；n=115 例，乳头状细胞）。使用 Cox 比例风险回归估计风险比（HRs）和 95%置信区间（CIs）。
与最低五分位数相比，动物来源亚硝酸盐摄入量最高五分位数的个体患总 RCC 和透明细胞亚型的风险增加（HR=1.28，95%CI，1.10-1.49 和 HR=1.68，95%CI，1.25-2.27）。来自加工肉类和其他动物来源的亚硝酸盐与透明细胞腺癌风险增加相关（HR=1.33，95%CI，1.01-1.76 和 HR=1.78，95%CI，1.34-2.36）。我们没有发现植物来源的亚硝酸盐或总硝酸盐摄入与风险之间的关联。
我们的研究结果表明，动物来源的亚硝酸盐可能会增加 RCC 的风险，特别是透明细胞腺癌。
