Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
Neuropsychologia. 2013 Jan;51(1):156-67. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.011. Epub 2012 Nov 19.
A number of behavioral changes occur between late childhood and adulthood, including maturation of social cognition, reward receptivity, impulsiveness, risk-taking and cognitive control. Although some of these abilities show linear improvements with age, some abilities may temporarily worsen, reflecting both the restructuring and/or strengthening of connections within some brain systems. The current study uses resting state functional connectivity to examine developmental differences between late childhood and adulthood in task positive (TP) regions, which play a role in cognitive control functions, and task negative (TN) regions, which play a role in social cognition, self-referential, and internally-directed thought. Within the TP network, developmental differences in connectivity were found with the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Within the TN network, developmental differences in connectivity were found with a broad area of the medial prefrontal cortex and the right parahippocampal gyrus. Connections between the two networks also showed significant developmental differences. Stronger anticorrelations were found in the TN maps of the adult group for the right anterior insula/inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral anterior inferior parietal lobule, bilateral superior parietal lobule and an anterior portion of the right posterior cingulate cortex. There was a significant brain-behavior relationship between the strength of anticorrelation in these regions and inhibitory control performance on two Go/No-go tasks suggesting that the development of anticorrelations between late childhood and adulthood supports mature inhibitory control. Overall, maturation of these networks occurred in specific regions which are associated with cognitive control of goal-directed behavior, including those involved in working memory, social cognition, and inhibitory control.
许多行为变化发生在儿童晚期到成年期之间，包括社会认知、奖赏接受、冲动、冒险和认知控制的成熟。虽然这些能力中的一些随着年龄的增长呈线性提高，但有些能力可能会暂时恶化，反映了一些大脑系统内的连接的重构和/或加强。本研究使用静息态功能连接来研究儿童晚期到成年期之间在任务正激活（TP）区域的发育差异，TP 区域在认知控制功能中发挥作用，以及任务负激活（TN）区域，在社会认知、自我参照和内部导向思维中发挥作用。在 TP 网络中，与左侧背外侧前额叶皮层的连接存在发育差异。在 TN 网络中，与内侧前额叶皮层和右侧海马旁回的广泛区域的连接存在发育差异。两个网络之间的连接也显示出显著的发育差异。在成年组的 TN 图谱中，发现右侧前岛叶/额下回、双侧前顶下小叶、双侧顶上小叶和后扣带回皮质前部的连接有更强的反相关。这些区域的反相关强度与两种 Go/No-go 任务的抑制控制表现之间存在显著的脑-行为关系，表明儿童晚期到成年期之间的反相关的发展支持成熟的抑制控制。总的来说，这些网络的成熟发生在与目标导向行为的认知控制相关的特定区域，包括涉及工作记忆、社会认知和抑制控制的区域。
