Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, 25000 Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2013 Apr;20(4):1966-76. doi: 10.1007/s11356-012-1317-y. Epub 2012 Nov 22.
A factory in Amman Garh near Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, produced dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) from 1963-1994. Consequently, earlier papers reported a soil contamination in the per mille range inside the former factory wall (88 m × 106 m) and up to 10 mg/kg of DDT in the surroundings in 2005-2007. The site within the factory wall was remonitored systematically in 2011 to complement the earlier data as a prerequisite for remediation, to put them in exposure context in a population developing area, and to suggest and evaluate the optimal remediation technique for the site. The contamination was drastically higher than the earlier published data, and the sum of DDT and its metabolites (ΣDDT) was up to 65% in the soil. Grasses, shrubs, and trees growing in this severely contaminated site had 50-450 mg/kgdw of ΣDDT. Thus, people living nearby and husbandry as well as wild animals are heavily exposed to DDT. The semiarid climate favors wind drift and deposition of the pollutant. Additionally, DDT from products of herbivore animals feeding on the contaminated plants will enter the food web. To overcome the exposure and distribution of the DDT, the site within the factory wall was capped with 1.5 m of soil. This remediation technique represents the easiest and least expensive solution. Nevertheless, DDT can still evaporate or leach, and groundwater can rise in this flood-prone area and thereby become contaminated, especially because a binding layer is missing.
巴基斯坦开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省瑙谢拉附近的阿曼加尔（Amman Garh）的一家工厂从 1963 年至 1994 年生产滴滴涕（DDT）。因此，早期的论文报告称，在工厂围墙内（88 米×106 米）的前工厂范围内，土壤中的滴滴涕含量达到千分位数范围，而在 2005 年至 2007 年，工厂周围的滴滴涕含量达到 10 毫克/千克。作为修复的前提条件，该工厂围墙内的场地于 2011 年进行了系统的重新监测，以补充早期数据，将其置于发展中人群的暴露环境中，并为该场地提出并评估最佳修复技术。污染程度远高于早期公布的数据，土壤中的滴滴涕及其代谢物（ΣDDT）总和高达 65%。在这个污染严重的地方生长的草、灌木和树木中，ΣDDT 的含量高达 50-450 毫克/千克干重。因此，生活在附近的人和畜牧业以及野生动物都受到滴滴涕的严重暴露。半干旱气候有利于污染物的风飘移和沉积。此外，食草动物以受污染植物为食产生的滴滴涕也将进入食物链。为了克服滴滴涕的暴露和分布，用 1.5 米厚的土壤覆盖了工厂围墙内的场地。这种修复技术是最简单和最便宜的解决方案。然而，滴滴涕仍可能蒸发或浸出，而且在这个洪水多发地区，地下水可能会上升，从而受到污染，特别是因为缺少结合层。
