Cooper Matthew A, Bernstein Irwin S
Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
Am J Primatol. 2002 Apr;56(4):215-30. doi: 10.1002/ajp.1076.
Patterns of aggressive and affiliative behavior, such as counter aggression and reconciliation, are said to covary in the genus Macaca; this is referred to as the systematic variation hypothesis. These behavior patterns constitute a species dominance style. Van Schaik's [1989] socioecological model explains dominance style in macaques in terms of within- and between-group contest competition. Dominance style is also said to correlate with phylogeny in macaques. The present study was undertaken to examine phylogenetic and socioecological explanations of dominance style, as well as the systematic variation hypothesis. We collected data on counter aggression and reconciliation from a habituated group of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) at the Tukeswari Temple in Assam, India. The proportion of agonistic episodes that involved counter aggression was relatively low. Counter aggression, however, occurred more often among males than among females, and it was most common when females initiated aggression against males. The conciliatory tendency for this group of Assamese macaques was 11.2%. The frequency of reconciliation was low for fights among males and for fights among females, but reconciliation was particularly rare for opposite-sexed opponents. Female social relationships were consistent with the systematic variation hypothesis, and suggest a despotic dominance style. A despotic dominance style in Assamese macaques weakens the correlation between dominance style and phylogeny in macaques, but it is not inconsistent with the socioecological model. Male-female relationships were not well explained by the despotic-egalitarian framework, and males may well have more tolerant social relationships than do females. Sex differences need to be considered when categorizing species according to dominance style.
诸如反攻击与和解等攻击性行为和亲和性行为模式，据说在猕猴属中是共同变化的；这被称为系统变异假说。这些行为模式构成了一种物种优势风格。范·沙伊克[1989]的社会生态模型从群体内部和群体间的竞争角度解释了猕猴的优势风格。优势风格据说也与猕猴的系统发育相关。本研究旨在检验对优势风格的系统发育和社会生态解释，以及系统变异假说。我们从印度阿萨姆邦图克斯瓦里寺一群习惯化的阿萨姆猕猴（Macaca assamensis）中收集了关于反攻击与和解的数据。涉及反攻击的争斗事件比例相对较低。然而，反攻击在雄性中比在雌性中更常发生，并且当雌性对雄性发起攻击时最为常见。这群阿萨姆猕猴的和解倾向为11.2%。雄性之间的争斗和雌性之间的争斗的和解频率较低，但异性对手之间的和解尤为罕见。雌性的社会关系与系统变异假说一致，并表明是一种专制的优势风格。阿萨姆猕猴的专制优势风格削弱了猕猴中优势风格与系统发育之间的相关性，但这与社会生态模型并不矛盾。专制 - 平等框架无法很好地解释雄性与雌性之间的关系，而且雄性的社会关系可能比雌性更具容忍性。在根据优势风格对物种进行分类时需要考虑性别差异。
