Borries C
Institut für Anthropologie, Universität Göttingen, BRD.
Folia Primatol (Basel). 1993;61(1):21-30. doi: 10.1159/000156723.
The ecological model of Carel van Schaik provides clear predictions for female-female relationships in relation to scramble or contest within-group competition and contest between-group competition. These predictions were applied to data from a 12-year field study on Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) that ranged freely around Jodhpur (India). It appears that hierarchical relationships between females (unstable, inconsistent, individualistic, with low rates of agonistic coalitions) reflect scramble within-group competition. Such competition, however, results in individual evolutionary advantages (differential feeding time; differential reproductive success) so that dominance effects mirror contest within-group competition. Between-group contest competition at Jodhpur is strong (low predator pressure, high population density, good food defensibility, essential role of females during intergroup encounters, loud vocalization of males). The results are discussed in the light of langur feeding habits.
卡雷尔·范·沙伊克的生态模型为雌性与雌性之间的关系提供了明确的预测，这些关系涉及群体内部的争夺或竞争以及群体间的竞争。这些预测被应用于一项为期12年的关于哈努曼叶猴（食叶猴）的实地研究数据，这些叶猴在印度焦特布尔周围自由活动。雌性之间的等级关系（不稳定、不一致、个体化，具有低频率的争斗联盟）似乎反映了群体内部的争夺竞争。然而，这种竞争会带来个体进化优势（不同的进食时间；不同的繁殖成功率），因此优势效应反映了群体内部的竞争。在焦特布尔，群体间的竞争很激烈（捕食压力低、种群密度高、食物防御性好、雌性在群体间相遇时的重要作用、雄性的大声鸣叫）。根据叶猴的饮食习惯对结果进行了讨论。
