The Marine Institute, Marine Building, Level 3, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
J Environ Manage. 2013 Jan 15;114:476-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.048. Epub 2012 Dec 1.
The implementation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is ultimately a social endeavour to sustain or improve human well-being via the conservation of marine ecosystems. The degree to which ecological gains are realised can depend upon how economic, ecological and social costs (negative impacts) and benefits (positive impacts) are included in the designation and management process. Without the support of key stakeholder groups whose user rights have been affected by the creation of an MPA, human impacts cannot be reduced. This study analyses a three year dataset to understand the themes associated with the economic, environmental and social costs and benefits of an MPA in Lyme Bay, United Kingdom (UK) following its establishment in 2008. Methodologically, the paper presents an ecosystem based management framework for analysing costs and benefits. Two hundred and forty one individuals were interviewed via questionnaire between 2008 and 2010 to determine perceptions and the level of support towards the MPA. Results reveal that despite the contentious manner in which this MPA was established, support for the MPA is strong amongst the majority of stakeholder groups. The level of support and the reasons given for support vary between stakeholder groups. Overall, the stakeholders perceive the social, economic and environmental benefits of the MPA to outweigh the perceived costs. There have been clear social costs of the MPA policy and these have been borne by mobile and static gear fishermen and charter boat operators. Local support for this MPA bodes well for the development of a network of MPAs around the UK coast under the United Kingdom Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009. However, this initial optimism is at risk if stakeholder expectation is not managed and the management vacuum is not filled.
海洋保护区（MPA）的实施最终是一项社会事业，旨在通过保护海洋生态系统来维持或提高人类福祉。生态效益的实现程度取决于经济、生态和社会成本（负面影响）和收益（正面影响）在指定和管理过程中得到了多少考虑。如果没有受到 MPA 创建影响的关键利益相关者群体的支持，人类的影响就无法减少。本研究分析了三年的数据，以了解英国莱姆湾（Lyme Bay）海洋保护区（MPA）自 2008 年建立以来，与 MPA 的经济、环境和社会成本与收益相关的主题。在方法上，本文提出了一个基于生态系统的管理框架，用于分析成本和收益。2008 年至 2010 年间，通过问卷调查采访了 241 个人，以确定他们对 MPA 的看法和支持程度。结果表明，尽管该 MPA 的建立方式存在争议，但大多数利益相关者群体对 MPA 的支持仍然很强。支持程度和支持的原因因利益相关者群体而异。总体而言，利益相关者认为 MPA 的社会、经济和环境效益超过了感知到的成本。MPA 政策已经产生了明显的社会成本，这些成本由移动和固定渔具渔民和包船经营者承担。当地对该 MPA 的支持为在 2009 年英国《海洋和沿海准入法》下在英国沿海建立一系列 MPA 网络奠定了良好的基础。然而，如果不能管理利益相关者的期望并填补管理真空，这种初步的乐观情绪将面临风险。
