Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2013 Feb;22(2):191-206. doi: 10.1517/13543784.2013.748035. Epub 2012 Dec 8.
Antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens has increased worldwide leading to treatment failures. Concerns have been raised about the use of biocides as a contributing factor to the risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development. In vitro studies demonstrating increase in resistance have often been cited as evidence for increased risks. It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms of resistance employed by bacteria toward biocides used in consumer products and their potential to impart cross-resistance to therapeutic antibiotics.
In this review, the mechanisms of resistance and cross-resistance reported in the literature toward biocides commonly used in consumer products are summarized. The physiological and molecular techniques used in describing and examining these mechanisms are reviewed and application of these techniques for systematic assessment of biocides for their potential to develop resistance and/or cross-resistance is discussed.
The guidelines in the usage of biocides in household or industrial purpose should be monitored and regulated to avoid the emergence of any MDR strains. The genetic and molecular methods to monitor the resistance development to biocides should be developed and included in preclinical and clinical studies.
细菌病原体的抗生素耐药性在全球范围内不断增加，导致治疗失败。人们对消毒剂的使用是否是导致抗微生物药物耐药性（AMR）发展的一个因素表示担忧。体外研究表明，耐药性增加常常被作为增加风险的证据。因此，了解细菌对抗生素的耐药机制以及它们对治疗性抗生素产生交叉耐药的潜力非常重要。
在这篇综述中，总结了文献中报道的细菌对消费者产品中常用消毒剂的耐药机制和交叉耐药机制。文中还回顾了用于描述和研究这些机制的生理和分子技术，并讨论了这些技术在系统评估消毒剂产生耐药性和/或交叉耐药性的潜在用途。
应该监测和规范家庭或工业用途中消毒剂的使用指南，以避免出现任何多药耐药菌株。应该开发用于监测消毒剂耐药性发展的遗传和分子方法，并将其纳入临床前和临床研究中。
