Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB United Kingdom.
Microbiol Spectr. 2018 Apr;6(2). doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0006-2017.
Biocides and formulated biocides are used worldwide for an increasing number of applications despite tightening regulations in Europe and in the United States. One concern is that such intense usage of biocides could lead to increased bacterial resistance to a product and cross-resistance to unrelated antimicrobials including chemotherapeutic antibiotics. Evidence to justify such a concern comes mostly from the use of health care-relevant bacterial isolates, although the number of studies of the resistance characteristics of veterinary isolates to biocides have increased the past few years. One problem remains the definition of "resistance" and how to measure resistance to a biocide. This has yet to be addressed globally, although the measurement of resistance is becoming more pressing, with regulators both in Europe and in the United States demanding that manufacturers provide evidence that their biocidal products will not impact on bacterial resistance. Alongside evidence of potential antimicrobial cross-resistance following biocide exposure, our understanding of the mechanisms of bacterial resistance and, more recently, our understanding of the effect of biocides to induce a mechanism(s) of resistance in bacteria has improved. This article aims to provide an understanding of the development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria following a biocide exposure. The sections provide evidence of the occurrence of bacterial resistance and its mechanisms of action and debate how to measure bacterial resistance to biocides. Examples pertinent to the veterinary field are used where appropriate.
尽管欧洲和美国的监管趋严，但生物杀灭剂和配制好的生物杀灭剂仍在全球范围内被越来越多地应用于各种用途。人们担心的是，如此高强度地使用生物杀灭剂可能会导致细菌对产品产生抗药性，并对包括化疗抗生素在内的与该产品无关的抗菌药物产生交叉耐药性。有理由让人产生这种担忧的证据主要来自于与医疗保健相关的细菌分离株的使用，尽管过去几年中，有关兽医分离株对生物杀灭剂的耐药特性的研究数量有所增加。一个问题仍然是“耐药性”的定义以及如何衡量对生物杀灭剂的耐药性。这在全球范围内尚未得到解决，尽管对耐药性的衡量变得更加紧迫，因为欧洲和美国的监管机构都要求制造商提供证据，证明他们的杀菌产品不会影响细菌的耐药性。除了在接触生物杀灭剂后存在潜在抗菌药物交叉耐药性的证据外，我们对细菌耐药机制的理解，以及最近对生物杀灭剂诱导细菌耐药机制的理解都有所提高。本文旨在了解接触生物杀灭剂后细菌产生抗药性的情况。各部分提供了细菌耐药性的发生及其作用机制的证据，并就如何衡量细菌对生物杀灭剂的耐药性进行了辩论。在适当的情况下，使用了与兽医领域相关的例子。
