重新审视星形胶质细胞：谷氨酸稳态与信号传导的简要历史展望
Astrocytes revisited: concise historic outlook on glutamate homeostasis and signaling.
作者信息
Parpura Vladimir, Verkhratsky Alexei
机构信息
Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021, USA.
出版信息
Croat Med J. 2012 Dec;53(6):518-28. doi: 10.3325/cmj.2012.53.518.
Astroglia is a main type of brain neuroglia, which includes many cell sub-types that differ in their morphology and physiological properties and yet are united by the main function, which is the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Astrocytes employ a variety of mechanisms for communicating with neuronal networks. The communication mediated by neurotransmitter glutamate has received a particular attention. Glutamate is de novo synthesized exclusively in astrocytes; astroglia-derived glutamine is the source of glutamate for neurons. Glutamate is released from both neurons and astroglia through exocytosis, although various other mechanisms may also play a role. Glutamate-activated specific receptors trigger excitatory responses in neurons and astroglia. Here we overview main properties of glutamatergic transmission in neuronal-glial networks and identify some future challenges facing the field.
星形胶质细胞是脑内神经胶质的主要类型，它包括许多细胞亚型，这些亚型在形态和生理特性上存在差异，但通过维持脑内稳态这一主要功能而统一起来。星形胶质细胞采用多种机制与神经网络进行通信。由神经递质谷氨酸介导的通信受到了特别关注。谷氨酸仅在星形胶质细胞中从头合成；星形胶质细胞衍生的谷氨酰胺是神经元谷氨酸的来源。谷氨酸通过胞吐作用从神经元和星形胶质细胞中释放出来，尽管其他各种机制也可能起作用。谷氨酸激活的特定受体在神经元和星形胶质细胞中引发兴奋性反应。在这里，我们概述了神经元-胶质细胞网络中谷氨酸能传递的主要特性，并确定了该领域未来面临的一些挑战。
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