Bud Robert
Science Museum, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2DD, United Kingdom.
Isis. 2012 Sep;103(3):537-45. doi: 10.1086/667977.
The term "applied science," as it came to be popularly used in the 1870s, was a hybrid of three earlier concepts. The phrase "applied science" itself had been coined by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1817, translating the German Kantian term "angewandte Wissenschaft." It was popularized through the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, which was structured on principles inherited from Coleridge and edited by men with sympathetic views. Their concept of empirical as opposed to a priori science was hybridized with an earlier English concept of "practical science" and with "science applied to the arts," adopted from the French. Charles Dupin had favored the latter concept and promoted it in the reconstruction of the Conservatoire Nationale des Arts et Métiers. The process of hybridization took place from the 1850s, in the wake of the Great Exhibition, as a new technocratic government favored scientific education. "Applied science" subsequently was used as the epistemic basis for technical education and the formation of new colleges in the 1870s.
“应用科学”一词在19世纪70年代开始广泛使用，它是由三个早期概念混合而成的。“应用科学”这个短语本身是由塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治在1817年创造的，是对德语康德术语“angewandte Wissenschaft”的翻译。它通过《大都会百科全书》得以普及，该百科全书是按照从柯勒律治继承的原则构建的，由持赞同观点的人编辑。他们关于经验科学与先验科学相对的概念，与早期英国的“实用科学”概念以及从法国采用的“应用于艺术的科学”概念相互融合。夏尔·迪潘支持后一个概念，并在国立工艺学院重建过程中加以推广。这种融合过程始于19世纪50年代，在大展览之后，因为一个新的技术官僚政府支持科学教育。“应用科学”随后在19世纪70年代被用作技术教育和新学院形成的认知基础。
