Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2013 Mar 7;146(1):214-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.035. Epub 2013 Jan 3.
The species of Salvia subgenus Calosphace are used medicinally and ritually in numerous traditions of folk healing among indigenous cultures of North and South America with more than 500 species. These species contain numerous bioactive terpenes and terpenoids, some active at human opioid and GABA receptors, which may contribute to their effectiveness as folk medicines. Medicinal plant complexes contain species which share common names, morphological and/or aromatic properties, and medicinal uses; these complexes are found in traditional systems of medicine. Our research looks for complexes within Calosphace and the secondary metabolites they contain.
Several studies have combined molecular phylogenetics and ethnopharmacology to successfully target active medicinal species. In this paper, we have selected a monophyletic clade, Salvia subgenus Calosphace, and performed a literature search to identify medicinal plant complexes within it. We created a database from over 200 references, found using keywords, and herbarium sheets. To identify medicinal plant complexes within the database, all species with shared vernacular names were first grouped. If the species sharing common names had similar medicinal uses and morphological similarity, they were concluded to be a complex. In order to determine the accuracy and validity of this approach, the chia complex was used as control, and we more species than reported by all of the published references combined. After identifying complexes and species within each, we searched the phytochemical literature to identify all reported secondary metabolites for each.
We identify four previously unidentified complexes. Mirto (5 species) is used extensively in the treatment of the folk illness susto and other illnesses in Mexico, and is characterized by red flowers. Ñucchu (7 species) used as a symbolic element in religious processions and in the treatment of respiratory ailments in Peru and characterized by red flowers. Cantueso (2 species), with blue flowers, is used for respiratory ailments in Mexico, and Manga-paqui (3 species) is used for kidney and liver diseases in Ecuador. For the species of each complex we report all traditional preparations, other vernacular names, and known secondary metabolites. Among these complexes, Mirto and Ñucchu appear to have exceptional levels of cultural significance.
Our results support our hypothesis that species within Salvia subgenus Calosphace will assort into complexes of medicinal plants that share common names, appearances, and medicinal uses. We have identified four new complexes within this monophyletic lineage, mirto, ñucchu, cantueso, and manga-paqui.
Salvia 亚属 Calosphace 的物种在北美和南美土著文化的众多民间治疗传统中被药用和仪式性使用，有超过 500 种。这些物种含有许多生物活性萜类化合物和萜烯类化合物，其中一些对人类阿片类和 GABA 受体具有活性，这可能有助于它们作为民间药物的有效性。药用植物复合物包含具有共同名称、形态和/或芳香特性和药用用途的物种；这些复合物存在于传统医学体系中。我们的研究旨在寻找 Calosphace 中的复合物及其所含的次生代谢产物。
几项研究将分子系统发育学和民族药理学相结合，成功地针对活性药用物种。在本文中，我们选择了一个单系分支，Salvia 亚属 Calosphace，并进行了文献检索，以确定其中的药用植物复合物。我们从 200 多个参考文献中创建了一个数据库，这些参考文献是使用关键词和植物标本表找到的。为了确定数据库中药用植物复合物，首先将具有共同俗名的所有物种进行分组。如果具有共同俗名的物种具有相似的药用用途和形态相似性，则将其归类为复合物。为了确定这种方法的准确性和有效性，我们将 chia 复合物作为对照，并发现比所有已发表文献的报道都多的物种。在确定了每个复合物中的物种后，我们搜索植物化学文献，以确定每个物种的所有报告的次生代谢产物。
我们确定了四个以前未被识别的复合物。Mirto（5 种）在墨西哥被广泛用于治疗民间疾病 susto 和其他疾病，其特征是红色花朵。Ñucchu（7 种）在秘鲁被用作宗教游行的象征元素，并用于治疗呼吸道疾病，其特征是红色花朵。Cantueso（2 种），具有蓝色花朵，在墨西哥用于治疗呼吸道疾病，而 Manga-paqui（3 种）在厄瓜多尔用于治疗肾脏和肝脏疾病。对于每个复合物的物种，我们报告了所有传统制剂、其他俗名和已知的次生代谢产物。在这些复合物中，Mirto 和 Ñucchu 似乎具有特殊的文化意义。
我们的结果支持我们的假设，即 Salvia 亚属 Calosphace 中的物种将被分为具有共同名称、外观和药用用途的药用植物复合物。我们在这个单系谱系中确定了四个新的复合物，分别是 Mirto、Ñucchu、Cantueso 和 Manga-paqui。
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