Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, SUNY, 270 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
Cancer Causes Control. 2013 Mar;24(3):439-50. doi: 10.1007/s10552-012-0130-8. Epub 2013 Jan 12.
To investigate indoor particulate matter (PM) level and various indoor air pollution exposure, and to examine their relationships with risk of lung cancer in an urban Chinese population, with a focus on non-smoking women.
We conducted a case-control study in Taiyuan, China, consisting of 399 lung cancer cases and 466 controls, of which 164 cases and 218 controls were female non-smokers. Indoor PM concentrations, including PM(1), PM(2.5), PM(7), PM(10), and TSP, were measured using a particle mass monitor. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals after adjusting for age, education, annual income, and smoking.
Among non-smoking women, lung cancer was strongly associated with multiple sources of indoor air pollution 10 years ago, including heavy exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work (aOR = 3.65), high frequency of cooking (aOR = 3.30), and solid fuel usage for cooking (aOR = 4.08) and heating (aOR(coal stove) = 2.00). Housing characteristics related to poor ventilation, including single-story, less window area, no separate kitchen, no ventilator, and rarely having windows open, are associated with lung cancer. Indoor medium PM(2.5) concentration was 68 μg/m(3), and PM(10) was 230 μg/m(3). PM levels in winter are strongly correlated with solid fuel usage for cooking, heating, and ventilators. PM(1) levels in cases are more than 3 times higher than that in controls. Every 10 μg/m(3) increase in PM(1) is associated with 45 % increased risk of lung cancer.
Indoor air pollution plays an important role in the development of lung cancer among non-smoking Chinese women.
调查室内颗粒物（PM）水平和各种室内空气污染暴露情况，并研究其与城市中国人群肺癌风险的关系，重点关注非吸烟女性。
我们在中国太原进行了一项病例对照研究，共纳入 399 例肺癌病例和 466 例对照，其中 164 例病例和 218 例对照为女性不吸烟者。使用粒子质量监测仪测量室内 PM 浓度，包括 PM（1）、PM（2.5）、PM（7）、PM（10）和总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）。采用非条件逻辑回归模型，在调整年龄、教育程度、年收入和吸烟状况后，计算比值比（OR）及其 95%置信区间。
在非吸烟女性中，肺癌与 10 年前多种室内空气污染源密切相关，包括工作中暴露于大量环境烟草烟雾（OR=3.65）、频繁烹饪（OR=3.30）、烹饪和取暖时使用固体燃料（OR=4.08 和 OR（煤炉）=2.00）。与通风不良相关的住房特征，包括单层、窗户面积小、无独立厨房、无通风设备、窗户很少打开，与肺癌有关。室内中 PM（2.5）浓度为 68μg/m3，PM（10）浓度为 230μg/m3。冬季 PM 水平与烹饪、取暖和通风设备中固体燃料的使用密切相关。病例组的 PM（1）水平比对照组高出 3 倍以上。PM（1）每增加 10μg/m3，肺癌风险增加 45%。
室内空气污染在中国非吸烟女性肺癌的发生中起着重要作用。
