University of Texas School of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA ; Apnix Sleep Disorders Centers, Houston, TX, USA ; The Sleep Center at North Cypress Medical Center, Cypress, TX, USA ; Neurology and Sleep Medicine Consultants, 7500 San Felipe, Suite 525, Houston, TX 77063, USA.
Parkinsons Dis. 2012;2012:205471. doi: 10.1155/2012/205471. Epub 2012 Dec 30.
Parkinson's disease (PD) has traditionally been characterized by its cardinal motor symptoms of bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. However, PD is increasingly being recognized as a multidimensional disease associated with myriad nonmotor symptoms including autonomic dysfunction, mood disorders, cognitive impairment, pain, gastrointestinal disturbance, impaired olfaction, psychosis, and sleep disorders. Sleep disturbances, which include sleep fragmentation, daytime somnolence, sleep-disordered breathing, restless legs syndrome (RLS), nightmares, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), are estimated to occur in 60% to 98% of patients with PD. For years nonmotor symptoms received little attention from clinicians and researchers, but now these symptoms are known to be significant predictors of morbidity in determining quality of life, costs of disease, and rates of institutionalization. A discussion of the clinical aspects, pathophysiology, evaluation techniques, and treatment options for the sleep disorders that are encountered with PD is presented.
帕金森病（PD）传统上以其运动症状的四大主征，即运动迟缓、肌肉僵直、静止性震颤和姿势不稳为特征。然而，PD 越来越被认为是一种与多种非运动症状相关的多维疾病，包括自主神经功能障碍、情绪障碍、认知障碍、疼痛、胃肠道紊乱、嗅觉障碍、精神病和睡眠障碍。睡眠障碍包括睡眠碎片化、白天嗜睡、睡眠呼吸障碍、不宁腿综合征（RLS）、噩梦和快速眼动（REM）睡眠行为障碍（RBD），估计有 60%到 98%的 PD 患者存在这些睡眠障碍。多年来，非运动症状受到临床医生和研究人员的关注较少，但现在这些症状已被确认为发病率的重要预测因素，可影响生活质量、疾病成本和住院率。本文介绍了 PD 患者常见的睡眠障碍的临床特征、病理生理学、评估技术和治疗选择。
