University of Chicago, USA.
Child Dev. 2013 Sep-Oct;84(5):1526-41. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12064. Epub 2013 Feb 11.
In laboratory studies, praising children's effort encourages them to adopt incremental motivational frameworks--they believe ability is malleable, attribute success to hard work, enjoy challenges, and generate strategies for improvement. In contrast, praising children's inherent abilities encourages them to adopt fixed-ability frameworks. Does the praise parents spontaneously give children at home show the same effects? Although parents' early praise of inherent characteristics was not associated with children's later fixed-ability frameworks, parents' praise of children's effort at 14-38 months (N = 53) did predict incremental frameworks at 7-8 years, suggesting that causal mechanisms identified in experimental work may be operating in home environments.
在实验室研究中，赞扬孩子的努力会鼓励他们采用渐进式的激励框架——他们相信能力是可塑的，将成功归因于努力工作，享受挑战，并制定改进策略。相比之下，赞扬孩子的内在能力会鼓励他们采用固定能力框架。父母在家里自然而然地给孩子的表扬会产生同样的效果吗？尽管父母早期对内在特征的赞扬与孩子后来的固定能力框架无关，但父母在 14-38 个月时对孩子努力的赞扬（N=53）确实预测了 7-8 岁时的渐进式框架，这表明实验工作中确定的因果机制可能在家中环境中起作用。
