School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Reed Lodge, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2013 Jul;41(5):723-34. doi: 10.1007/s10802-013-9711-6.
Research clearly demonstrates that parents pass risk for depression and antisocial behavior on to their children. However, most research confounds genetic and environmental mechanisms by studying genetically related individuals. Furthermore, most studies focus on either depression or antisocial behavior in parents or children, despite evidence of co-occurrence and shared etiology, and few consider the early origins of these problems in childhood. We estimated the influence of biological and adoptive mothers' depression and antisocial behavior on growth in child externalizing and internalizing behaviors across early childhood using data from a prospective adoption study. Participants were 346 matched triads of physically healthy children (196 boys; 150 girls), biological mothers (BM), and adoptive mothers (AM). Latent growth curve models were estimated using AM reports of child internalizing and externalizing behaviors at ages 18, 27, and 54 months. Predictors of intercept (18 months) but not slope were identified. BM lifetime histories of major depressive disorder predicted child externalizing behaviors and BM antisocial behavior predicted child internalizing behavior. AM depressive symptoms and antisocial behavior were associated with both child outcomes. AM paths, but not BM paths were partially replicated using adopted fathers' reports of child outcomes. BM obstetric complications, prenatal depressive symptoms, and postnatal adoptive family contact with BM did not account for BM paths. This adoption study distinguished risks conferred by biological mothers' depression and antisocial behavior to children's behaviors from those associated with adoptive mothers' related symptoms. Future studies should examine gene-environment interplay to explain the emergence of serious problem trajectories in later childhood.
研究清楚地表明，父母会将抑郁和反社会行为的风险遗传给子女。然而，大多数研究通过研究具有遗传关系的个体来混淆遗传和环境机制。此外，尽管有共病和共同病因的证据，但大多数研究都集中在父母或孩子的抑郁或反社会行为上，很少考虑这些问题在儿童期的早期起源。我们使用前瞻性收养研究的数据，估计了生物母亲和领养母亲的抑郁和反社会行为对儿童外显和内隐行为在整个幼儿期的增长的影响。参与者包括 346 对身体健康的儿童（196 名男孩；150 名女孩）、生物母亲（BM）和领养母亲（AM）的匹配三联体。使用 AM 在 18、27 和 54 个月时对儿童内外向行为的报告，对潜在的增长曲线模型进行了估计。确定了截距（18 个月）的预测因素，但没有斜率。BM 一生中患有重度抑郁症的病史预测了儿童的外显行为，而 BM 的反社会行为预测了儿童的内隐行为。AM 的抑郁症状和反社会行为与两种儿童结果都有关。使用收养父亲对儿童结果的报告部分复制了 AM 路径，但不是 BM 路径。BM 的产科并发症、产前抑郁症状和产后与 BM 的收养家庭接触并不能解释 BM 路径。这项收养研究区分了生物母亲的抑郁和反社会行为对子女行为的风险，以及与领养母亲相关症状相关的风险。未来的研究应该研究基因-环境相互作用，以解释严重问题轨迹在后期儿童期的出现。
