Ives Jonathan
Bioethics. 2014 Jul;28(6):302-12. doi: 10.1111/bioe.12018. Epub 2013 Feb 28.
In recent years there has been a wealth of literature arguing the need for empirical and interdisciplinary approaches to bioethics, based on the premise that an empirically informed ethical analysis is more grounded, contextually sensitive and therefore more relevant to clinical practice than an 'abstract' philosophical analysis. Bioethics has (arguably) always been an interdisciplinary field, and the rise of 'empirical' (bio)ethics need not be seen as an attempt to give a new name to the longstanding practice of interdisciplinary collaboration, but can perhaps best be understood as a substantive attempt to engage with the nature of that interdisciplinarity and to articulate the relationship between the many different disciplines (some of them empirical) that contribute to the field. It can also be described as an endeavour to explain how different disciplinary approaches can be integrated to effectively answer normative questions in bioethics, and fundamental to that endeavour is the need to think about how a robust methodology can be articulated that successfully marries apparently divergent epistemological and metaethical perspectives with method. This paper proposes 'Reflexive Bioethics' (RB) as a methodology for interdisciplinary and empirical bioethics, which utilizes a method of 'Reflexive Balancing' (RBL). RBL has been developed in response to criticisms of various forms of reflective equilibrium, and is built upon a pragmatic characterization of Bioethics and a 'quasi-moral foundationalism', which allows RBL to avoid some of the difficulties associated with RE and yet retain the flexible egalitarianism that makes it intuitively appealing to many.
近年来，有大量文献主张生物伦理学需要采用实证和跨学科的方法，其前提是，与“抽象”的哲学分析相比，基于实证的伦理分析更有依据、更能体现情境敏感性，因此与临床实践更相关。（可以说）生物伦理学一直是一个跨学科领域，“实证”（生物）伦理学的兴起不应被视为试图给长期存在的跨学科合作实践赋予一个新名称，而或许最好被理解为一次实质性尝试，即探究这种跨学科性的本质，并阐明为该领域做出贡献的许多不同学科（其中一些是实证学科）之间的关系。它也可以被描述为一种努力，即解释如何整合不同的学科方法，以有效回答生物伦理学中的规范性问题，而这一努力的根本在于需要思考如何构建一种强大的方法论，将明显不同的认识论和元伦理学观点与方法成功结合起来。本文提出“反思性生物伦理学”（RB）作为跨学科和实证性生物伦理学的一种方法论，它采用“反思性平衡”（RBL）方法。RBL是针对对各种形式的反思平衡的批评而发展起来的，它建立在对生物伦理学的实用主义描述和一种“准道德基础主义”之上，这使得RBL能够避免一些与RE相关的困难，同时保留使其在直觉上对许多人有吸引力的灵活平等主义。
