Boroni Moreira A P, Fiche Salles Teixeira T, do C Gouveia Peluzio M, de Cássia Gonçalves Alfenas R
Federal University of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Nutr Hosp. 2012 Sep-Oct;27(5):1408-14. doi: 10.3305/nh.2012.27.5.5887.
Advances in tools for molecular investigations have allowed deeper understanding of how microbes can influence host physiology. A very interesting field of research that has gained attention recently is the possible role of gut microbiota in the development of obesity and metabolic disorders.
The aim of this review is to discuss mechanisms that explain the influence of gut microbiota on host metabolism.
The gut microbiota is important for normal physiology of the host. However, differences in their composition may have different impacts on host metabolism. It has been shown that obese and lean subjects present different microbiota composition profile. These differences in microbiota composition may contribute to weight imbalance and impaired metabolism. The evidences from animal models suggest that it is possible that the microbiota of obese subjects has higher capacity to harvest energy from the diet providing substrates that can activate lipogenic pathways. In addition, microorganisms can also influence the activity of lipoprotein lipase interfering in the accumulation of triglycerides in the adipose tissue. The interaction of gut microbiota with the endocannabinoid system provides a route through which intestinal permeability can be altered. Increased intestinal permeability allows the entrance of endotoxins to the circulation, which are related to the induction of inflammation and insulin resistance in mice. The impact of the proposed mechanisms for humans still needs further investigations. However, the fact that gut microbiota can be modulated through dietary components highlights the importance to study how fatty acids, carbohydrates, micronutrients, prebiotics, and probiotics can influence gut microbiota composition and the management of obesity. Gut microbiota seems to be an important and promising target in the prevention and treatment of obesity and its related metabolic disturbances in future studies and in clinical practice.
分子研究工具的进步使人们能够更深入地了解微生物如何影响宿主生理。肠道微生物群在肥胖和代谢紊乱发展中的可能作用是一个最近受到关注的非常有趣的研究领域。
本综述的目的是讨论解释肠道微生物群对宿主代谢影响的机制。
肠道微生物群对宿主的正常生理很重要。然而，它们组成的差异可能对宿主代谢产生不同影响。研究表明，肥胖和消瘦个体呈现不同的微生物群组成特征。微生物群组成的这些差异可能导致体重失衡和代谢受损。动物模型的证据表明，肥胖个体的微生物群可能具有更高的从饮食中获取能量的能力，从而提供可激活脂肪生成途径的底物。此外，微生物还可影响脂蛋白脂肪酶的活性，干扰甘油三酯在脂肪组织中的积累。肠道微生物群与内源性大麻素系统的相互作用提供了一条可改变肠道通透性的途径。肠道通透性增加会使内毒素进入循环，这与小鼠炎症和胰岛素抵抗的诱导有关。这些机制对人类的影响仍需进一步研究。然而，肠道微生物群可通过饮食成分进行调节这一事实凸显了研究脂肪酸、碳水化合物、微量营养素、益生元和益生菌如何影响肠道微生物群组成以及肥胖管理的重要性。在未来的研究和临床实践中，肠道微生物群似乎是预防和治疗肥胖及其相关代谢紊乱的一个重要且有前景的靶点。
