Department of Radiology, Miami Children's Hospital, 3100 SW 62nd Ave., Miami, FL 33155-3009, USA.
Pediatr Radiol. 2013 Mar;43 Suppl 1:S141-54. doi: 10.1007/s00247-012-2584-y. Epub 2013 Mar 12.
Vascular malformations and hemangiomas are common in children but remain a source of confusion during diagnosis, in part because of the lack of a uniform terminology. With the existing treatments for hemangiomas and vascular malformations, it is important to make the correct diagnosis initially to prevent adverse physical and emotional sequelae in not only the child but also the family. The diagnosis of vascular malformations is made primarily by the clinician and based on the physical exam. Imaging is carried out using predominantly ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which are complementary modalities. In most cases of vascular anomalies, US is the first line of imaging as it is readily available, less expensive, lacks ionizing radiation and does not require sedation. MRI is also of great help for further characterizing the lesions. Conventional arteriography is reserved for cases that require therapeutic intervention, more commonly for arteriovenous malformations. Radiographs usually play no role in diagnosing vascular anomalies in children. In this article, the author describes the terminology and types of hemangiomas and vascular malformations and their clinical, histological features, as well as the imaging approach and appearance.
血管畸形和血管瘤在儿童中很常见，但在诊断过程中仍然存在混淆，部分原因是缺乏统一的术语。由于现有的血管瘤和血管畸形治疗方法，重要的是最初做出正确的诊断，以防止不仅对儿童而且对家庭造成身体和情绪上的不良后果。血管畸形的诊断主要由临床医生根据体格检查做出。成像主要使用超声（US）和磁共振成像（MRI）进行，这两种方法互为补充。在大多数血管异常的情况下，US 是首选的成像方式，因为它易于获得、成本较低、没有电离辐射且不需要镇静。MRI 也有助于进一步描述病变。传统的动脉造影保留用于需要治疗干预的病例，更常见于动静脉畸形。X 线片通常在诊断儿童血管异常中不起作用。在本文中，作者描述了血管瘤和血管畸形的术语和类型及其临床和组织学特征，以及成像方法和表现。
