Shapiro-Ilan David I, Han Richou, Dolinksi Claudia
USDA-ARS, SE Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008.
J Nematol. 2012 Jun;44(2):206-17.
Production and application technology is critical for the success of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in biological control. Production approaches include in vivo, and in vitro methods (solid or liquid fermentation). For laboratory use and small scale field experiments, in vivo production of EPNs appears to be the appropriate method. In vivo production is also appropriate for niche markets and small growers where a lack of capital, scientific expertise or infrastructure cannot justify large investments into in vitro culture technology. In vitro technology is used when large scale production is needed at reasonable quality and cost. Infective juveniles of entomopathogenic nematodes are usually applied using various spray equipment and standard irrigation systems. Enhanced efficacy in EPN applications can be facilitated through improved delivery mechanisms (e.g., cadaver application) or optimization of spray equipment. Substantial progress has been made in recent years in developing EPN formulations, particularly for above ground applications, e.g., mixing EPNs with surfactants or polymers or with sprayable gels. Bait formulations and insect host cadavers can enhance EPN persistence and reduce the quantity of nematodes required per unit area. This review provides a summary and analysis of factors that affect production and application of EPNs and offers insights for their future in biological insect suppression.
生产与应用技术对于昆虫病原线虫（EPNs）在生物防治中的成功应用至关重要。生产方法包括体内法和体外法（固体或液体发酵）。对于实验室使用和小规模田间试验，EPNs的体内生产似乎是合适的方法。体内生产也适用于利基市场和小种植户，因为他们缺乏资金、科学专业知识或基础设施，无法对体外培养技术进行大规模投资。当需要以合理的质量和成本进行大规模生产时，可采用体外技术。昆虫病原线虫的感染性幼虫通常使用各种喷雾设备和标准灌溉系统进行施用。通过改进施用机制（如尸体施用）或优化喷雾设备，可以提高EPN应用的效果。近年来，在开发EPN制剂方面取得了重大进展，特别是对于地上应用，例如将EPNs与表面活性剂、聚合物或可喷雾凝胶混合。诱饵制剂和昆虫宿主尸体可以提高EPN的持久性，并减少单位面积所需的线虫数量。本综述总结和分析了影响EPNs生产和应用的因素，并为其在生物防治害虫方面的未来发展提供了见解。
