Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
J Hum Evol. 2013 May;64(5):399-433. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.013. Epub 2013 Mar 13.
This study examines African papionin phylogenetic history through a comprehensive cladistic analysis of extant and fossil craniodental morphology using both quantitative and qualitative characters. To account for the well-documented influence of allometry on the papionin skull, the general allometric coding method was applied to characters determined to be significantly affected by allometry. Results of the analyses suggest that Parapapio, Pliopapio, and Papio izodi are stem African papionin taxa. Crown Plio-Pleistocene African papionin taxa include Gorgopithecus, Lophocebus cf. albigena, Procercocebus, Soromandrillus (new genus defined herein) quadratirostris, and, most likely, Dinopithecus. Furthermore, S. quadratirostris is a member of a clade also containing Mandrillus, Cercocebus, and Procercocebus; ?Theropithecus baringensis is strongly supported as a primitive member of the genus Theropithecus; Gorgopithecus is closely related to Papio and Lophocebus; and Theropithecus is possibly the most primitive crown African papionin taxon. Finally, character transformation analyses identify a series of morphological transformations during the course of papionin evolution. The origin of crown African papionins is diagnosed, at least in part, by the appearance of definitive and well-developed male maxillary ridges and maxillary fossae. Among crown African papionins, Papio, Lophocebus, and Gorgopithecus are further united by the most extensive development of the maxillary fossae. The Soromandrillus/Mandrillus/Cercocebus/Procercocebus clade is diagnosed by upturned nuchal crests (especially in males), widely divergent temporal lines (especially in males), medially oriented maxillary ridges in males, medially oriented inferior petrous processes, and a tendency to enlarge the premolars as an adaptation for hard-object food processing. The adaptive origins of the genus Theropithecus appear associated with a diet requiring an increase in size of the temporalis, the optimal placement of occlusal forces onto the molar battery, and an increase in the life of the posterior dentition. This shift is associated with the evolution of distinctive morphological features such as the anterior union of the temporal lines, increased enamel infoldings on the premolars and molars, a reversed curve of Spee, and delayed molar eruption.
本研究通过对现生物种和化石颅面形态的综合系统发育分析，利用定量和定性特征来研究非洲狒狒的系统发育历史。为了说明同形现象对狒狒头骨的影响，应用了一般的同形编码方法，对那些被确定受到同形影响的特征进行了编码。分析结果表明，Parapapio、Pliopapio 和 Papio izodi 是非洲狒狒的原始类群。更新世至更新世的非洲狒狒包括 Gorgopithecus、Lophocebus cf. albigena、Procercocebus、Soromandrillus（本文新定义的属）quadratirostris，以及可能的 Dinopithecus。此外，S. quadratirostris 是一个包含 Mandrillus、Cercocebus 和 Procercocebus 的分支的成员；强烈支持?Theropithecus baringensis 是 Theropithecus 属的原始成员；Gorgopithecus 与 Papio 和 Lophocebus 密切相关；而 Theropithecus 可能是最原始的非洲狒狒冠类群。最后，特征转换分析确定了狒狒进化过程中的一系列形态变化。狒狒的起源至少部分是由明显和发达的雄性上颌嵴和上颌窦的出现来诊断的。在非洲狒狒中，Papio、Lophocebus 和 Gorgopithecus 进一步通过上颌窦的最广泛发育而结合在一起。Soromandrillus/Mandrillus/Cercocebus/Procercocebus 分支由颈嵴上翘（特别是在雄性中）、颞线明显分歧（特别是在雄性中）、雄性上颌嵴向中线方向延伸、下岩锥向中线方向延伸以及倾向于增大前磨牙作为适应处理硬物体食物的特征来诊断。Theropithecus 属的适应性起源似乎与颞肌增大、咬合力最佳地作用于磨牙电池以及后牙寿命延长的饮食需求有关。这种转变与独特的形态特征的进化有关，例如颞线的前联合、前磨牙和磨牙上的釉质内陷增加、Spee 曲线的反转以及磨牙的延迟萌出。
