Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA,
Psychon Bull Rev. 2013 Oct;20(5):1017-22. doi: 10.3758/s13423-013-0420-5.
A meta-analysis was conducted of studies that measured the effects of both age and skill in chess on the tasks of selecting the best move for chess positions (the best move task) as well as recalling chess game positions (the recall task). Despite a small sample of studies, we demonstrated that there are age and skill effects on both tasks: age being negatively associated with performance on both tasks and skill being positively associated with performance on both tasks. On the best move task, we found that skill was the dominant effect, while on the recall task, skill and age were approximately equally strong effects. We also found that skill was best measured by the best move task. In the case of the best move task, this result is consistent with the argument that it accurately replicates expert performance (Ericsson & Smith, 1991). Results for the recall task argue that this task captures effects related to skill, but also effects likely due to a general aging process. Implications for our understanding of aging in skilled domains are also discussed.
进行了一项荟萃分析，研究了年龄和棋艺对选择最佳走法（最佳走法任务）以及回忆棋局位置（回忆任务）这两项任务的影响。尽管研究样本较小，但我们证明这两项任务都存在年龄和技能的影响：年龄与两项任务的表现呈负相关，而技能与两项任务的表现呈正相关。在最佳走法任务中，我们发现技能是主要影响因素，而在回忆任务中，技能和年龄的影响大致相当。我们还发现，最佳走法任务最能衡量技能。在最佳走法任务的情况下，这一结果与该任务准确复制专家表现的论点一致（Ericsson & Smith，1991）。回忆任务的结果表明，该任务既捕捉到了与技能相关的影响，也捕捉到了可能由于一般老化过程而产生的影响。该研究还讨论了对我们理解技能领域老龄化的影响。
