Pegram R G, Banda D S
Animal Disease Control Project, Food and Agriculture Organization, Lusaka, Zambia.
Exp Appl Acarol. 1990 Apr;8(4):291-301. doi: 10.1007/BF01202139.
A study on development and survival of free-living stages of three important cattle ticks in Zambia, Amblyomma variegatum Fabricus, Boophilus decoloratus Koch, and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, was carried out to complement studies on seasonal dynamics of parasitic stages. Different instars of engorged ticks were exposed under quasi-natural conditions according to the season in which they occur naturally. Generally, development rates of all stages of the three species were related to temperature, whilst the duration of survival was influenced mainly by rainfall and consequent relative humidity. Observations on the effect of age and climate on the behaviour of ticks on pastures were also made. Both A. variegatum and R. appendiculatus completed only one generation per year. In A. variegatum, engorged females detaching early in the adult season (August to October) undergo morphogenetic diapause. Adults of R. appendiculatus emerging between August and October enter a period of behavioural diapause before becoming active in December. These mechanisms effectively synchronize the life-cycles of these two univoltine species. The one-host tick, B. decoloratus, is able to complete three to five generations each year with no indication of seasonal synchronization.
为补充对寄生阶段季节动态的研究，开展了一项关于赞比亚三种重要牛蜱（杂色花蜱Fabricus、无色牛蜱Koch和微小牛蜱Neumann）自由生活阶段发育和存活情况的研究。根据饱血蜱自然出现的季节，将不同龄期的饱血蜱置于准自然条件下。一般来说，这三种蜱所有阶段的发育速率都与温度有关，而存活时长主要受降雨及随之而来的相对湿度影响。还观察了年龄和气候对蜱在牧场上行为的影响。杂色花蜱和微小牛蜱每年仅完成一代。在杂色花蜱中，在成虫季节早期（8月至10月）脱落的饱血雌蜱会经历形态发生滞育。8月至10月间出现的微小牛蜱成虫在12月活跃之前会进入行为滞育期。这些机制有效地使这两种一年一代的蜱的生命周期同步。单宿主蜱无色牛蜱每年能够完成三到五代，且没有季节同步的迹象。
