Dudarev Alexey A, Karnachev Igor P, Odland Jon Øyvind
Hygiene Department, Northwest Public Health Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Int J Circumpolar Health. 2013;72:20458. doi: 10.3402/ijch.v72i0.20458. Epub 2013 Mar 19.
According to official statistics, the rate of occupational accidents (OAs) and fatal injuries in Russia decreased about 5-fold and 2-fold, respectively, from 1975 to 2010, but working conditions during this period had the opposite trend; for example, the number of people who work in unfavourable and hazardous conditions (particularly since 1991) has increased significantly.
This review summarises the results of a search of the relevant peer-reviewed literature published in Russia and official statistics on OAs and occupational safety in Russia and the Russian Arctic in 1980-2010.
The occupational safety system in Russia has severely deteriorated in the last 2 decades, with legislators tending to promote the interests of industry and business, resulting in the neglect of occupational safety and violation of workers' rights. The majority of workers are employed in conditions that do not meet rules of safety and hygiene. More than 60% of OAs can be attributed to management practices--violation of safety regulations, poor organisation of work, deficiency of certified occupational safety specialists and inadequate personnel training. Research aimed at improving occupational safety and health is underfunded. There is evidence of widespread under-reporting of OAs, including fatal accidents. Three federal agencies are responsible for OAs recording; their data differ from each other as they use different methodologies. The rate of fatal OAs in Russia was 3-6 times higher than in Scandinavian countries and about 2 times higher compared to United States and Canada in 2001. In some Russian Arctic regions OAs levels are much higher.
Urgent improvement of occupational health and safety across Russia, especially in the Arctic regions, is needed.
根据官方统计，从1975年到2010年，俄罗斯的职业事故率和致命伤害率分别下降了约5倍和2倍，但在此期间工作条件却呈相反趋势；例如，在不利和危险条件下工作的人数（特别是自1991年以来）显著增加。
本综述总结了对1980 - 2010年期间在俄罗斯发表的相关同行评审文献以及俄罗斯和俄罗斯北极地区职业事故与职业安全官方统计数据的检索结果。
在过去20年里，俄罗斯的职业安全体系严重恶化，立法者倾向于维护工商业利益，导致职业安全被忽视，工人权利受到侵犯。大多数工人的工作条件不符合安全和卫生规定。超过60%的职业事故可归因于管理做法——违反安全规定、工作组织不善、注册职业安全专家不足以及人员培训不够。旨在改善职业安全与健康的研究资金不足。有证据表明职业事故存在广泛瞒报现象，包括致命事故。三个联邦机构负责职业事故记录；由于使用不同方法，它们的数据彼此不同。2001年，俄罗斯致命职业事故率比斯堪的纳维亚国家高3 - 6倍，比美国和加拿大高约2倍。在俄罗斯北极地区的一些地方，职业事故水平要高得多。
俄罗斯迫切需要全面改善职业健康与安全，尤其是在北极地区。
