Van Leeuwen N-K, Chauchard E, Chabrol H, Gibbs J
Centre d'études et de recherches en psychopathologie, université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, Octogone, 21, rue d'Alsace-Lorraine, 31000 Toulouse, France.
Encephale. 2013 Dec;39(6):401-7. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2012.10.013. Epub 2013 Mar 26.
Certain research has pointed out the relative importance of cognitive distortions in the development of antisocial behavior. Distortions of social cognitions that facilitate aggression and other types of antisocial behavior have been described as self-serving cognitive distortions (Barriga et al., 2001 [2]). Considering the importance of the assessment of delinquent cognitive distortions, an instrument has been validated to measure self-serving cognitive distortions: the How I Think Questionnaire (HIT-Q, Barriga et al., 2001 [2]). Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the convergent, discriminant and concurrent validity of a French version of the HIT-Q and its four dimensions (self-centered, blaming other, minimizing/mislabeling and assuming the worst).
A sample of 972 French high-school students completed the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI ; Andershed et al., 2002 ; Andershed et al., 2007 [26,27]) used to evaluate the convergent validity of the HIT-Q. To investigate discriminant validity, participants also completed the Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form (SMR-SF ; Gibbs et al., 1992 [28]) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI ; Davis, 1983 [29]) used to assess cognitive and affective empathy. To measure antisocial behavior, the French versions of the Self-Reported Delinquency Questionnaire (SRDQ ; Le Blanc and Frechette, 1989 [22]), the Antisocial Behavior Scale (ABS ; Schawb-Stone et al., 1996 [23]), the Self-Reported Delinquency Behavior (SRDB ; Elliott and Menard, 1996 [24]) and three items of the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES ; Koss et al., 2007 [25]) were used. Two samples were composed based on the same socio-demographic (age and gender) and socio-economic characteristics and ethnic background. French males scoring in the upper quartile on the antisocial behavior total score were classified in the antisocial group (n=135) and the rest of the sample in the non-antisocial group (n=306). Convergent and discriminant validity was determined using Pearson coefficients of correlation. One-way analyses of variance were used for mean scores comparisons. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the relative contribution of self-serving cognitive distortions to the prediction of antisocial behavior.
The French version of the HIT-Q showed acceptable reliability and validity and also a satisfying convergent and discriminant validity. The HIT-Q and its dimensions were positively and highly correlated to psychopathic traits (r=0.50 to r=0.61, p<0.05) ; these findings suggested a good convergent validity. The correlation between self-serving cognitive distortions and social moral reasoning (r=-0.23 to r=-0.28, p<0.05) and empathy (r=-0.13 to r=-0.20, p<0.05) appeared to be negative and low ; this relationship was conclusive and showed a satisfying discriminant validity. Mean comparison showed that participants in the antisocial group reported higher scores of self-serving cognitive distortions and its dimensions than the non-antisocial group. Self-serving cognitive distortions significantly predicted antisocial behavior (β=0.58, SE=0.02, p<0.001) and explained 34% of the variance.
The study of the convergent validity of the HIT-Q with the YPI as external criteria showed they were closely linked, which suggests self-serving cognitive distortion may be the cognitive expression of psychopathic traits. The discriminant validity of the HIT-Q with moral reasoning and empathy was satisfying and similar to previous results (Lardén et al., 2006 [20]). In concordance with previous studies, delinquent cognitive distortions appeared to be a significant predictor of antisocial behavior and moreover, participants in the antisocial group reported higher scores of self-serving cognitive distortions (Capuano, 2007 ; Barriga and Gibbs, 1996 ; Nas et al., 2008 [10-12]).
The present study showed that the French version of the HIT-Q presents good psychometric properties.
某些研究指出了认知扭曲在反社会行为发展中的相对重要性。那些促进攻击行为和其他类型反社会行为的社会认知扭曲被描述为自利性认知扭曲（Barriga等人，2001 [2]）。考虑到评估青少年认知扭曲的重要性，一种用于测量自利性认知扭曲的工具已得到验证：《我如何思考问卷》（HIT-Q，Barriga等人，2001 [2]）。因此，本研究的目的是评估法语版HIT-Q及其四个维度（以自我为中心、责备他人、最小化/错误标注和做最坏打算）的聚合效度、区分效度和同时效度。
972名法国高中生组成的样本完成了用于评估HIT-Q聚合效度的《青少年精神病态特质量表》（YPI；Andershed等人，2002；Andershed等人，2007 [26,27]）。为了研究区分效度，参与者还完成了用于评估认知和情感同理心的《社会道德反思测量简表》（SMR-SF；Gibbs等人，1992 [28]）和《人际反应指数》（IRI；Davis，1983 [29]）。为了测量反社会行为，使用了《自我报告犯罪问卷》（SRDQ；Le Blanc和Frechette，1989 [22]）、《反社会行为量表》（ABS；Schawb-Stone等人，1996 [23]）、《自我报告犯罪行为》（SRDB；Elliott和Menard，1996 [24]）的法语版本以及《性经历调查》（SES；Koss等人，2007 [25]）中的三个项目。基于相同的社会人口统计学（年龄和性别）、社会经济特征和种族背景组成了两个样本。在反社会行为总分上处于上四分位数的法国男性被归类为反社会组（n = 135），样本中的其余部分为非反社会组（n = 306）。使用皮尔逊相关系数确定聚合效度和区分效度。单向方差分析用于均值比较。回归分析用于评估自利性认知扭曲对反社会行为预测的相对贡献。
法语版HIT-Q显示出可接受的信效度，也具有令人满意的聚合效度和区分效度。HIT-Q及其维度与精神病态特质呈显著正相关（r = 0.50至r = 0.61，p < 0.05）；这些发现表明具有良好的聚合效度。自利性认知扭曲与社会道德推理（r = -0.23至r = -0.28，p < 0.05）和同理心（r = -0.13至r = -0.20，p < 0.05）之间的相关性似乎为负且较低；这种关系是决定性的，显示出令人满意的区分效度。均值比较表明，反社会组参与者报告的自利性认知扭曲及其维度得分高于非反社会组。自利性认知扭曲显著预测了反社会行为（β = 0.58，SE = 0.02，p < 0.001），并解释了34%的方差。
以YPI作为外部标准对HIT-Q的聚合效度研究表明它们紧密相关，这表明自利性认知扭曲可能是精神病态特质的认知表现。HIT-Q在道德推理和同理心方面的区分效度令人满意，与先前结果相似（Lardén等人，2006 [20]）。与先前研究一致，青少年认知扭曲似乎是反社会行为的重要预测指标，此外，反社会组参与者报告的自利性认知扭曲得分更高（Capuano，2007；Barriga和Gibbs，1996；Nas等人，2008 [10 - 12]）。
本研究表明法语版HIT-Q具有良好的心理测量学特性。
