Department of Chemistry, and Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA.
Chem Soc Rev. 2013 Jun 21;42(12):5552-76. doi: 10.1039/c3cs60064e.
Nanoscale objects, whether of biologic origin or synthetically created, are being developed into devices for a variety of bionanotechnology diagnostic and pharmaceutical applications. However, the potential immunotoxicity of these nanomaterials and mechanisms by which they may induce adverse reactions have not received sufficient attention. Nanomaterials, depending on their characteristics and compositions, can interact with the immune system in several ways and either enhance or suppress immune system function. Cytokines perform pleiotropic functions to mediate and regulate the immune response and are generally recognized as biomarkers of immunotoxicity. While the specificity and validity of certain cytokines as markers of adverse immune response has been established for chemicals, small and macromolecular drugs, research on their applicability for predicting and monitoring the immunotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials is still ongoing. The goal of this review is to provide guidelines as to important cytokines that can be utilized for evaluating the immunotoxicity of nanomaterials and to highlight the role of those cytokines in mediating adverse reactions, which is of particular importance for the clinical development of nanopharmaceuticals and other nanotechnology-based products. Importantly, the rational design of nanomaterials of low immunotoxicity will be discussed, focusing on synthetic nanodevices, with emphasis on both the nanoparticle-forming materials and the embedded cargoes.
纳米级物体，无论是源于生物还是人工合成，都正在被开发成为用于各种生物纳米技术诊断和药物应用的设备。然而，这些纳米材料的潜在免疫毒性以及它们可能引发不良反应的机制尚未得到足够的重视。纳米材料根据其特性和组成，可以通过多种方式与免疫系统相互作用，从而增强或抑制免疫系统的功能。细胞因子具有多种功能，可以介导和调节免疫反应，通常被认为是免疫毒性的生物标志物。虽然某些细胞因子作为化学物质、小分子和大分子药物的不良免疫反应标志物的特异性和有效性已经确立，但关于它们在预测和监测工程纳米材料免疫毒性方面的适用性的研究仍在进行中。本综述的目的是提供可用于评估纳米材料免疫毒性的重要细胞因子的指南，并强调这些细胞因子在介导不良反应中的作用，这对于纳米药物和其他基于纳米技术的产品的临床开发尤为重要。重要的是，将讨论低免疫毒性的纳米材料的合理设计，重点是合成纳米器件，同时强调形成纳米颗粒的材料和嵌入的有效载荷。
