Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2013 Jul-Aug;5(4):346-73. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1202. Epub 2013 Apr 8.
This review of metal-based nanoparticles focuses on factors influencing their distribution into the nervous system, evidence they enter brain parenchyma, and nervous system responses. Gold is emphasized as a model metal-based nanoparticle and for risk assessment in the companion review. The anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, basics of colloid chemistry, and environmental factors that influence what cells see are reviewed to provide background on the biological, physical-chemical, and internal milieu factors that influence nervous system nanoparticle uptake. The results of literature searches reveal little nanoparticle research included the nervous system, which about equally involved in vitro and in vivo methods, and very few human studies. The routes of uptake into the nervous system and mechanisms of nanoparticle uptake by cells are presented with examples. Brain nanoparticle uptake inversely correlates with size. The influence of shape has not been reported. Surface charge has not been clearly shown to affect flux across the blood-brain barrier. There is very little evidence for metal-based nanoparticle distribution into brain parenchyma. Metal-based nanoparticle disruption of the blood-brain barrier and adverse brain changes have been shown, and are more pronounced for spheres than rods. Study concentrations need to be put in exposure contexts. Work with dorsal root ganglion cells and brain cells in vitro show the potential for metal-based nanoparticles to produce toxicity. Interpretation of these results must consider the ability of nanoparticles to distribute across the barriers protecting the nervous system. Effects of the persistence of poorly soluble metal-based nanoparticles are of particular concern.
这篇关于金属纳米粒子的综述聚焦于影响它们分布到神经系统的因素、它们进入脑组织的证据以及神经系统的反应。金被强调为一种模型金属纳米粒子，并在相关综述中进行风险评估。本文综述了神经系统的解剖和生理学、胶体化学基础以及影响细胞所见的环境因素，为影响神经系统纳米粒子摄取的生物学、物理化学和内部环境因素提供背景知识。文献检索的结果表明，很少有纳米粒子研究涉及神经系统，涉及的体外和体内方法大致相同，涉及的人类研究则更少。本文介绍了进入神经系统的摄取途径和细胞摄取纳米粒子的机制，并举例说明。脑内纳米粒子摄取与粒径呈负相关。尚未报道形状的影响。表面电荷似乎并未明显影响血脑屏障的通量。几乎没有证据表明金属纳米粒子能分布到脑实质中。已经证明了金属纳米粒子会破坏血脑屏障并导致大脑发生不良变化，而且球形比棒状的影响更为明显。体外研究背根神经节细胞和脑细胞的结果表明，金属纳米粒子有可能产生毒性。解释这些结果时必须考虑纳米粒子分布穿过保护神经系统的屏障的能力。难溶性金属纳米粒子持续存在的影响尤其值得关注。
