Siddiqi Khwaja Salahuddin, Husen Azamal, Sohrab Sayed Sartaj, Yassin Mensur Osman
Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India.
Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, PO Box # 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Nanoscale Res Lett. 2018 Aug 10;13(1):231. doi: 10.1186/s11671-018-2638-7.
Nanomaterials (NMs) are receiving remarkable attention due to their unique properties and structure. They vary from atoms and molecules along with those of bulk materials. They can be engineered to act as drug delivery vehicles to cross blood-brain barriers (BBBs) and utilized with better efficacy and safety to deliver specific molecules into targeted cells as compared to conventional system for neurological disorders. Depending on their properties, various metal chelators, gold nanoparticles (NPs), micelles, quantum dots, polymeric NPs, liposomes, solid lipid NPs, microparticles, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes have been utilized for various purposes including the improvement of drug delivery system, treatment response assessment, diagnosis at early stage, and management of neurological disorder by using neuro-engineering. BBB regulates micro- and macromolecule penetration/movement, thus protecting it from many kinds of illness. This phenomenon also prevents drug delivery for the neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and primary brain tumors. For some neurological disorders (AD and PD), the environmental pollution was considered as a major cause, as observed that metal and/or metal oxide from different sources are inhaled and get deposited in the lungs/brain. Old age, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are other factors for rapid deterioration of human health and onset of AD. In addition, gene mutations have also been examined to cause the early onset familial forms of AD. AD leads to cognitive impairment and plaque deposits in the brain leading to neuronal cell death. Based on these facts and considerations, this review elucidates the importance of frequently used metal chelators, NMs and/or NPs. The present review also discusses the current status and future challenges in terms of their application in drug delivery for neurological disease management.
纳米材料（NMs）因其独特的性质和结构而受到广泛关注。它们不同于原子、分子以及块状材料。与传统的神经系统疾病治疗系统相比，纳米材料可以被设计成药物递送载体以穿越血脑屏障（BBB），并以更高的疗效和安全性将特定分子递送至靶细胞。根据其性质，各种金属螯合剂、金纳米颗粒（NPs）、胶束、量子点、聚合物纳米颗粒、脂质体、固体脂质纳米颗粒、微粒、碳纳米管和富勒烯已被用于多种目的，包括改善药物递送系统、评估治疗反应、早期诊断以及通过神经工程管理神经系统疾病。血脑屏障调节小分子和大分子的渗透/移动，从而保护大脑免受多种疾病侵害。这种现象也阻碍了针对诸如阿尔茨海默病（AD）、帕金森病（PD）、多发性硬化症、肌萎缩侧索硬化症和原发性脑肿瘤等神经系统疾病的药物递送。对于某些神经系统疾病（AD和PD），环境污染被认为是一个主要原因，因为观察到来自不同来源的金属和/或金属氧化物被吸入并沉积在肺部/大脑中。老年、肥胖、糖尿病和心血管疾病是导致人类健康迅速恶化和AD发病的其他因素。此外，基因突变也被研究与早发性家族性AD的发生有关。AD会导致认知障碍和大脑中的斑块沉积，进而导致神经元细胞死亡。基于这些事实和考虑因素，本综述阐明了常用金属螯合剂、纳米材料和/或纳米颗粒的重要性。本综述还讨论了它们在神经系统疾病管理药物递送应用方面的现状和未来挑战。
