Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Vet Microbiol. 2013 Jul 26;165(1-2):61-70. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.03.005. Epub 2013 Mar 15.
For the first time outside sub-Saharan Africa, a lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) emerged in Hungary in 2004. It caused sporadic cases of encephalitis in goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), other predatory birds, and in mammals. As a consequence, a surveillance program was initiated in Hungary and in Austria, which included virological, molecular, serological and epidemiological investigations in human beings, birds, horses, and mosquitoes. The virus strain became endemic to Hungary, however only sporadic cases of infections were observed between 2004 and 2007. Unexpectedly, explosive spread of the virus was noted in 2008, when neuroinvasive West Nile disease (WND) was diagnosed all over Hungary in dead goshawks and other birds of prey (n=25), in horses (n=12), and humans (n=22). At the same time this virus also spread to the eastern part of Austria, where it was detected in dead wild birds (n=8). In 2009, recurrent WND outbreaks were observed in Hungary and Austria, in wild birds, horses, and humans in the same areas. Virus isolates of both years exhibited closest genetic relationship to the lineage 2 WNV strain which emerged in 2004. As we know today, the explosive spread of the lineage 2 WNV in 2008 described here remained not restricted to Hungary and Austria, but this virus dispersed further to the south to various Balkan states and reached northern Greece, where it caused the devastating neuroinvasive WND outbreak in humans in 2010.
2004 年，在撒哈拉以南非洲以外的首次发现，一种 2 型西尼罗河病毒（WNV）出现在匈牙利。它导致苍鹰（Accipiter gentilis）等猛禽以及哺乳动物中散发性脑炎病例。因此，在匈牙利和奥地利启动了一项监测计划，包括人类、鸟类、马匹和蚊子中的病毒学、分子学、血清学和流行病学调查。该病毒株成为匈牙利的地方病，但在 2004 年至 2007 年期间仅观察到零星感染病例。出乎意料的是，2008 年该病毒出现了爆炸性传播，在匈牙利各地死亡的苍鹰和其他猛禽（n=25）、马匹（n=12）和人类（n=22）中诊断出神经侵袭性西尼罗河病（WND）。与此同时，该病毒也传播到奥地利东部，在那里从野生鸟类（n=8）中检测到了该病毒。2009 年，在匈牙利和奥地利的相同地区的野生鸟类、马匹和人类中观察到了复发性 WND 暴发。这两年的病毒分离株与 2004 年出现的 2 型 WNV 株具有最密切的遗传关系。正如我们今天所知，这里描述的 2 型 WNV 的爆炸性传播不仅限于匈牙利和奥地利，而且该病毒进一步向南传播到各种巴尔干国家，并到达希腊北部，在那里它于 2010 年导致了人类毁灭性的神经侵袭性 WND 暴发。
